SystemZLongBranch.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

//===-- SystemZLongBranch.cpp - Branch lengthening for SystemZ ------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This pass makes sure that all branches are in range.  There are several ways
// in which this could be done.  One aggressive approach is to assume that all
// branches are in range and successively replace those that turn out not
// to be in range with a longer form (branch relaxation).  A simple
// implementation is to continually walk through the function relaxing
// branches until no more changes are needed and a fixed point is reached.
// However, in the pathological worst case, this implementation is
// quadratic in the number of blocks; relaxing branch N can make branch N-1
// go out of range, which in turn can make branch N-2 go out of range,
// and so on.
//
// An alternative approach is to assume that all branches must be
// converted to their long forms, then reinstate the short forms of
// branches that, even under this pessimistic assumption, turn out to be
// in range (branch shortening).  This too can be implemented as a function
// walk that is repeated until a fixed point is reached.  In general,
// the result of shortening is not as good as that of relaxation, and
// shortening is also quadratic in the worst case; shortening branch N
// can bring branch N-1 in range of the short form, which in turn can do
// the same for branch N-2, and so on.  The main advantage of shortening
// is that each walk through the function produces valid code, so it is
// possible to stop at any point after the first walk.  The quadraticness
// could therefore be handled with a maximum pass count, although the
// question then becomes: what maximum count should be used?
//
// On SystemZ, long branches are only needed for functions bigger than 64k,
// which are relatively rare to begin with, and the long branch sequences
// are actually relatively cheap.  It therefore doesn't seem worth spending
// much compilation time on the problem.  Instead, the approach we take is:
//
// (1) Work out the address that each block would have if no branches
//     need relaxing.  Exit the pass early if all branches are in range
//     according to this assumption.
//
// (2) Work out the address that each block would have if all branches
//     need relaxing.
//
// (3) Walk through the block calculating the final address of each instruction
//     and relaxing those that need to be relaxed.  For backward branches,
//     this check uses the final address of the target block, as calculated
//     earlier in the walk.  For forward branches, this check uses the
//     address of the target block that was calculated in (2).  Both checks
//     give a conservatively-correct range.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "SystemZ.h"
#include "SystemZInstrInfo.h"
#include "SystemZTargetMachine.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineBasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstr.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugLoc.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
 
using namespace llvm;
 
#define DEBUG_TYPE "systemz-long-branch"
 
STATISTIC(LongBranches, "Number of long branches.");
 
namespace {
 
// Represents positional information about a basic block.
struct MBBInfo {
  // The address that we currently assume the block has.
  uint64_t Address = 0;
 
  // The size of the block in bytes, excluding terminators.
  // This value never changes.
  uint64_t Size = 0;
 
  // The minimum alignment of the block.
  // This value never changes.
  Align Alignment;
 
  // The number of terminators in this block.  This value never changes.
  unsigned NumTerminators = 0;
 
  MBBInfo() = default;
};
 
// Represents the state of a block terminator.
struct TerminatorInfo {
  // If this terminator is a relaxable branch, this points to the branch
  // instruction, otherwise it is null.
  MachineInstr *Branch = nullptr;
 
  // The address that we currently assume the terminator has.
  uint64_t Address = 0;
 
  // The current size of the terminator in bytes.
  uint64_t Size = 0;
 
  // If Branch is nonnull, this is the number of the target block,
  // otherwise it is unused.
  unsigned TargetBlock = 0;
 
  // If Branch is nonnull, this is the length of the longest relaxed form,
  // otherwise it is zero.
  unsigned ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
 
  TerminatorInfo() = default;
};
 
// Used to keep track of the current position while iterating over the blocks.
struct BlockPosition {
  // The address that we assume this position has.
  uint64_t Address = 0;
 
  // The number of low bits in Address that are known to be the same
  // as the runtime address.
  unsigned KnownBits;
 
  BlockPosition(unsigned InitialLogAlignment)
      : KnownBits(InitialLogAlignment) {}
};
 
class SystemZLongBranch : public MachineFunctionPass {
public:
  static char ID;
 
  SystemZLongBranch() : MachineFunctionPass(ID) {}
 
  bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) override;
 
  MachineFunctionProperties getRequiredProperties() const override {
    return MachineFunctionProperties().setNoVRegs();
  }
 
private:
  void skipNonTerminators(BlockPosition &Position, MBBInfo &Block);
  void skipTerminator(BlockPosition &Position, TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
                      bool AssumeRelaxed);
  TerminatorInfo describeTerminator(MachineInstr &MI);
  uint64_t initMBBInfo();
  bool mustRelaxBranch(const TerminatorInfo &Terminator, uint64_t Address);
  bool mustRelaxABranch();
  void setWorstCaseAddresses();
  void splitBranchOnCount(MachineInstr *MI, unsigned AddOpcode);
  void splitCompareBranch(MachineInstr *MI, unsigned CompareOpcode);
  void relaxBranch(TerminatorInfo &Terminator);
  void relaxBranches();
 
  const SystemZInstrInfo *TII = nullptr;
  MachineFunction *MF = nullptr;
  SmallVector<MBBInfo, 16> MBBs;
  SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16> Terminators;
};
 
char SystemZLongBranch::ID = 0;
 
const uint64_t MaxBackwardRange = 0x10000;
const uint64_t MaxForwardRange = 0xfffe;
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
INITIALIZE_PASS(SystemZLongBranch, DEBUG_TYPE, "SystemZ Long Branch", false,
                false)
 
// Position describes the state immediately before Block.  Update Block
// accordingly and move Position to the end of the block's non-terminator
// instructions.
void SystemZLongBranch::skipNonTerminators(BlockPosition &Position,
                                           MBBInfo &Block) {
  if (Log2(Block.Alignment) > Position.KnownBits) {
    // When calculating the address of Block, we need to conservatively
    // assume that Block had the worst possible misalignment.
    Position.Address +=
        (Block.Alignment.value() - (uint64_t(1) << Position.KnownBits));
    Position.KnownBits = Log2(Block.Alignment);
  }
 
  // Align the addresses.
  Position.Address = alignTo(Position.Address, Block.Alignment);
 
  // Record the block's position.
  Block.Address = Position.Address;
 
  // Move past the non-terminators in the block.
  Position.Address += Block.Size;
}
 
// Position describes the state immediately before Terminator.
// Update Terminator accordingly and move Position past it.
// Assume that Terminator will be relaxed if AssumeRelaxed.
void SystemZLongBranch::skipTerminator(BlockPosition &Position,
                                       TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
                                       bool AssumeRelaxed) {
  Terminator.Address = Position.Address;
  Position.Address += Terminator.Size;
  if (AssumeRelaxed)
    Position.Address += Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize;
}
 
static unsigned getInstSizeInBytes(const MachineInstr &MI,
                                   const SystemZInstrInfo *TII) {
  unsigned Size = TII->getInstSizeInBytes(MI);
  assert((Size ||
          // These do not have a size:
          MI.isDebugOrPseudoInstr() || MI.isPosition() || MI.isKill() ||
          MI.isImplicitDef() || MI.getOpcode() == TargetOpcode::MEMBARRIER ||
          MI.getOpcode() == TargetOpcode::INIT_UNDEF || MI.isFakeUse() ||
          MI.getOpcode() == TargetOpcode::RELOC_NONE ||
          MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::FENCE ||
          // These have a size that may be zero:
          MI.isInlineAsm() || MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::STACKMAP ||
          MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::PATCHPOINT ||
          // EH_SjLj_Setup is a dummy terminator instruction of size 0,
          // It is used to handle the clobber register for builtin setjmp.
          MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::EH_SjLj_Setup) &&
         "Missing size value for instruction.");
  return Size;
}
 
// Return a description of terminator instruction MI.
TerminatorInfo SystemZLongBranch::describeTerminator(MachineInstr &MI) {
  TerminatorInfo Terminator;
  Terminator.Size = getInstSizeInBytes(MI, TII);
  if (MI.isConditionalBranch() || MI.isUnconditionalBranch()) {
    switch (MI.getOpcode()) {
    case SystemZ::J:
      // Relaxes to JG, which is 2 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
      break;
    case SystemZ::BRC:
      // Relaxes to BRCL, which is 2 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
      break;
    case SystemZ::BRCT:
    case SystemZ::BRCTG:
      // Relaxes to A(G)HI and BRCL, which is 6 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 6;
      break;
    case SystemZ::BRCTH:
      // Never needs to be relaxed.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
      break;
    case SystemZ::CRJ:
    case SystemZ::CLRJ:
      // Relaxes to a C(L)R/BRCL sequence, which is 2 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
      break;
    case SystemZ::CGRJ:
    case SystemZ::CLGRJ:
      // Relaxes to a C(L)GR/BRCL sequence, which is 4 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 4;
      break;
    case SystemZ::CIJ:
    case SystemZ::CGIJ:
      // Relaxes to a C(G)HI/BRCL sequence, which is 4 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 4;
      break;
    case SystemZ::CLIJ:
    case SystemZ::CLGIJ:
      // Relaxes to a CL(G)FI/BRCL sequence, which is 6 bytes longer.
      Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 6;
      break;
    default:
      llvm_unreachable("Unrecognized branch instruction");
    }
    Terminator.Branch = &MI;
    Terminator.TargetBlock =
      TII->getBranchInfo(MI).getMBBTarget()->getNumber();
  }
  return Terminator;
}
 
// Fill MBBs and Terminators, setting the addresses on the assumption
// that no branches need relaxation.  Return the size of the function under
// this assumption.
uint64_t SystemZLongBranch::initMBBInfo() {
  MF->RenumberBlocks();
  unsigned NumBlocks = MF->size();
 
  MBBs.clear();
  MBBs.resize(NumBlocks);
 
  Terminators.clear();
  Terminators.reserve(NumBlocks);
 
  BlockPosition Position(Log2(MF->getAlignment()));
  for (unsigned I = 0; I < NumBlocks; ++I) {
    MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MF->getBlockNumbered(I);
    MBBInfo &Block = MBBs[I];
 
    // Record the alignment, for quick access.
    Block.Alignment = MBB->getAlignment();
 
    // Calculate the size of the fixed part of the block.
    MachineBasicBlock::iterator MI = MBB->begin();
    MachineBasicBlock::iterator End = MBB->end();
    while (MI != End && !MI->isTerminator()) {
      Block.Size += getInstSizeInBytes(*MI, TII);
      ++MI;
    }
    skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
 
    // Add the terminators.
    while (MI != End) {
      if (!MI->isDebugInstr()) {
        assert(MI->isTerminator() && "Terminator followed by non-terminator");
        Terminators.push_back(describeTerminator(*MI));
        skipTerminator(Position, Terminators.back(), false);
        ++Block.NumTerminators;
      }
      ++MI;
    }
  }
 
  return Position.Address;
}
 
// Return true if, under current assumptions, Terminator would need to be
// relaxed if it were placed at address Address.
bool SystemZLongBranch::mustRelaxBranch(const TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
                                        uint64_t Address) {
  if (!Terminator.Branch || Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize == 0)
    return false;
 
  const MBBInfo &Target = MBBs[Terminator.TargetBlock];
  if (Address >= Target.Address) {
    if (Address - Target.Address <= MaxBackwardRange)
      return false;
  } else {
    if (Target.Address - Address <= MaxForwardRange)
      return false;
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
// Return true if, under current assumptions, any terminator needs
// to be relaxed.
bool SystemZLongBranch::mustRelaxABranch() {
  for (auto &Terminator : Terminators)
    if (mustRelaxBranch(Terminator, Terminator.Address))
      return true;
  return false;
}
 
// Set the address of each block on the assumption that all branches
// must be long.
void SystemZLongBranch::setWorstCaseAddresses() {
  SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16>::iterator TI = Terminators.begin();
  BlockPosition Position(Log2(MF->getAlignment()));
  for (auto &Block : MBBs) {
    skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
    for (unsigned BTI = 0, BTE = Block.NumTerminators; BTI != BTE; ++BTI) {
      skipTerminator(Position, *TI, true);
      ++TI;
    }
  }
}
 
// Split BRANCH ON COUNT MI into the addition given by AddOpcode followed
// by a BRCL on the result.
void SystemZLongBranch::splitBranchOnCount(MachineInstr *MI,
                                           unsigned AddOpcode) {
  MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI->getParent();
  DebugLoc DL = MI->getDebugLoc();
  MachineInstr *AddImm = BuildMI(*MBB, MI, DL, TII->get(AddOpcode))
                             .add(MI->getOperand(0))
                             .add(MI->getOperand(1))
                             .addImm(-1);
  MachineInstr *BRCL = BuildMI(*MBB, MI, DL, TII->get(SystemZ::BRCL))
                           .addImm(SystemZ::CCMASK_ICMP)
                           .addImm(SystemZ::CCMASK_CMP_NE)
                           .add(MI->getOperand(2));
  // The implicit use of CC is a killing use.
  BRCL->addRegisterKilled(SystemZ::CC, &TII->getRegisterInfo());
  // The result of the BRANCH ON COUNT MI is the new count in register 0, so the
  // debug tracking needs to go to the result of the Add immediate.
  MBB->getParent()->substituteDebugValuesForInst(*MI, *AddImm);
  MI->eraseFromParent();
}
 
// Split MI into the comparison given by CompareOpcode followed
// a BRCL on the result.
void SystemZLongBranch::splitCompareBranch(MachineInstr *MI,
                                           unsigned CompareOpcode) {
  MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI->getParent();
  DebugLoc DL = MI->getDebugLoc();
  BuildMI(*MBB, MI, DL, TII->get(CompareOpcode))
      .add(MI->getOperand(0))
      .add(MI->getOperand(1));
  MachineInstr *BRCL = BuildMI(*MBB, MI, DL, TII->get(SystemZ::BRCL))
                           .addImm(SystemZ::CCMASK_ICMP)
                           .add(MI->getOperand(2))
                           .add(MI->getOperand(3));
  // The implicit use of CC is a killing use.
  BRCL->addRegisterKilled(SystemZ::CC, &TII->getRegisterInfo());
  // Since we are replacing branches that did not compute any value, no debug
  // value substitution is necessary.
  MI->eraseFromParent();
}
 
// Relax the branch described by Terminator.
void SystemZLongBranch::relaxBranch(TerminatorInfo &Terminator) {
  MachineInstr *Branch = Terminator.Branch;
  switch (Branch->getOpcode()) {
  case SystemZ::J:
    Branch->setDesc(TII->get(SystemZ::JG));
    break;
  case SystemZ::BRC:
    Branch->setDesc(TII->get(SystemZ::BRCL));
    break;
  case SystemZ::BRCT:
    splitBranchOnCount(Branch, SystemZ::AHI);
    break;
  case SystemZ::BRCTG:
    splitBranchOnCount(Branch, SystemZ::AGHI);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CRJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CR);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CGRJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CGR);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CIJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CHI);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CGIJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CGHI);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CLRJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CLR);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CLGRJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CLGR);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CLIJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CLFI);
    break;
  case SystemZ::CLGIJ:
    splitCompareBranch(Branch, SystemZ::CLGFI);
    break;
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unrecognized branch");
  }
 
  Terminator.Size += Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize;
  Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
  Terminator.Branch = nullptr;
 
  ++LongBranches;
}
 
// Run a shortening pass and relax any branches that need to be relaxed.
void SystemZLongBranch::relaxBranches() {
  SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16>::iterator TI = Terminators.begin();
  BlockPosition Position(Log2(MF->getAlignment()));
  for (auto &Block : MBBs) {
    skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
    for (unsigned BTI = 0, BTE = Block.NumTerminators; BTI != BTE; ++BTI) {
      assert(Position.Address <= TI->Address &&
             "Addresses shouldn't go forwards");
      if (mustRelaxBranch(*TI, Position.Address))
        relaxBranch(*TI);
      skipTerminator(Position, *TI, false);
      ++TI;
    }
  }
}
 
bool SystemZLongBranch::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) {
  TII = static_cast<const SystemZInstrInfo *>(F.getSubtarget().getInstrInfo());
  MF = &F;
  uint64_t Size = initMBBInfo();
  if (Size <= MaxForwardRange || !mustRelaxABranch())
    return false;
 
  setWorstCaseAddresses();
  relaxBranches();
  return true;
}
 
FunctionPass *llvm::createSystemZLongBranchPass(SystemZTargetMachine &TM) {
  return new SystemZLongBranch();
}