NVPTXAsmPrinter.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

//===-- NVPTXAsmPrinter.cpp - NVPTX LLVM assembly writer ------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file contains a printer that converts from our internal representation
// of machine-dependent LLVM code to NVPTX assembly language.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "MCTargetDesc/NVPTXBaseInfo.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/NVPTXInstPrinter.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/NVPTXTargetStreamer.h"
#include "NVPTX.h"
#include "NVPTXDwarfDebug.h"
#include "NVPTXMCExpr.h"
#include "NVPTXMachineFunctionInfo.h"
#include "NVPTXRegisterInfo.h"
#include "NVPTXSubtarget.h"
#include "NVPTXTargetMachine.h"
#include "NVPTXUtilities.h"
#include "NVVMProperties.h"
#include "TargetInfo/NVPTXTargetInfo.h"
#include "cl_common_defines.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APFloat.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APInt.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SCCIterator.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Sequence.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Twine.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ConstantFolding.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/Analysis.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/AsmPrinter.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineBasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFrameInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstr.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineJumpTableInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineLoopInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineModuleInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/ValueTypes.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGenTypes/MachineValueType.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Argument.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constant.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugLoc.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalAlias.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalValue.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstrTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Operator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/User.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Value.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCExpr.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInst.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrDesc.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCStreamer.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCSymbol.h"
#include "llvm/MC/TargetRegistry.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Alignment.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Endian.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/NativeFormatting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetLoweringObjectFile.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/UnrollLoop.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>
 
using namespace llvm;
 
#define DEPOTNAME "__local_depot"
 
// The ptx syntax and format is very different from that usually seem in a .s
// file,
// therefore we are not able to use the MCAsmStreamer interface here.
//
// We are handcrafting the output method here.
//
// A better approach is to clone the MCAsmStreamer to a MCPTXAsmStreamer
// (subclass of MCStreamer).
 
namespace {
 
class NVPTXAsmPrinter : public AsmPrinter {
 
  class AggBuffer {
    // Used to buffer the emitted string for initializing global aggregates.
    //
    // Normally an aggregate (array, vector, or structure) is emitted as a u8[].
    // However, if either element/field of the aggregate is a non-NULL address,
    // and all such addresses are properly aligned, then the aggregate is
    // emitted as u32[] or u64[]. In the case of unaligned addresses, the
    // aggregate is emitted as u8[], and the mask() operator is used for all
    // pointers.
    //
    // We first layout the aggregate in 'buffer' in bytes, except for those
    // symbol addresses. For the i-th symbol address in the aggregate, its
    // corresponding 4-byte or 8-byte elements in 'buffer' are filled with 0s.
    // symbolPosInBuffer[i-1] records its position in 'buffer', and Symbols[i-1]
    // records the Value*.
    //
    // Once we have this AggBuffer setup, we can choose how to print it out.
  public:
    // number of symbol addresses
    unsigned numSymbols() const { return Symbols.size(); }
 
    bool allSymbolsAligned(unsigned ptrSize) const {
      return llvm::all_of(symbolPosInBuffer,
                          [=](unsigned pos) { return pos % ptrSize == 0; });
    }
 
  private:
    const unsigned Size;               // size of the buffer in bytes
    std::vector<unsigned char> buffer; // the buffer
    SmallVector<unsigned, 4> symbolPosInBuffer;
    SmallVector<const Value *, 4> Symbols;
    // SymbolsBeforeStripping[i] is the original form of Symbols[i] before
    // stripping pointer casts, i.e.,
    // Symbols[i] == SymbolsBeforeStripping[i]->stripPointerCasts().
    //
    // We need to keep these values because AggBuffer::print decides whether to
    // emit a "generic()" cast for Symbols[i] depending on the address space of
    // SymbolsBeforeStripping[i].
    SmallVector<const Value *, 4> SymbolsBeforeStripping;
    unsigned curpos;
    const NVPTXAsmPrinter &AP;
    const bool EmitGeneric;
 
  public:
    AggBuffer(unsigned Size, const NVPTXAsmPrinter &AP)
        : Size(Size), buffer(Size), curpos(0), AP(AP),
          EmitGeneric(AP.EmitGeneric) {}
 
    unsigned getBufferSize() const { return Size; }
 
    // Number of bytes written so far.
    unsigned getCurpos() const { return curpos; }
 
    // Copy Num bytes from Ptr.
    // if Bytes > Num, zero fill up to Bytes.
    void addBytes(const unsigned char *Ptr, unsigned Num, unsigned Bytes) {
      for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(Num))
        addByte(Ptr[I]);
      if (Bytes > Num)
        addZeros(Bytes - Num);
    }
 
    void addByte(uint8_t Byte) {
      assert(curpos < Size);
      buffer[curpos] = Byte;
      curpos++;
    }
 
    void addZeros(unsigned Num) {
      for ([[maybe_unused]] unsigned _ : llvm::seq(Num)) {
        addByte(0);
      }
    }
 
    void addSymbol(const Value *GVar, const Value *GVarBeforeStripping) {
      symbolPosInBuffer.push_back(curpos);
      Symbols.push_back(GVar);
      SymbolsBeforeStripping.push_back(GVarBeforeStripping);
    }
 
    void printBytes(raw_ostream &os);
    void printWords(raw_ostream &os);
 
  private:
    void printSymbol(unsigned nSym, raw_ostream &os);
  };
 
  friend class AggBuffer;
 
public:
  static char ID;
 
  StringRef getPassName() const override { return "NVPTX Assembly Printer"; }
 
private:
  const Function *F;
 
  NVPTXTargetStreamer *getTargetStreamer() const;
 
  void emitStartOfAsmFile(Module &M) override;
  void emitBasicBlockStart(const MachineBasicBlock &MBB) override;
  void emitFunctionEntryLabel() override;
  void emitFunctionBodyStart() override;
  void emitFunctionBodyEnd() override;
  void emitImplicitDef(const MachineInstr *MI) const override;
 
  void emitInstruction(const MachineInstr *) override;
  void lowerToMCInst(const MachineInstr *MI, MCInst &OutMI);
  MCOperand lowerOperand(const MachineOperand &MO);
  MCOperand GetSymbolRef(const MCSymbol *Symbol);
  MCRegister encodeVirtualRegister(Register Reg);
 
  /// The number \p Reg was assigned within its register class, as declared by
  /// this function's .reg directives.
  unsigned getVirtualRegisterNumber(Register Reg) const;
 
  void printMemOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNum, raw_ostream &O,
                       const char *Modifier = nullptr);
  void printModuleLevelGV(const GlobalVariable *GVar, raw_ostream &O,
                          bool processDemoted, const NVPTXSubtarget &STI);
  void emitGlobals(const Module &M);
  void emitGlobalAlias(const Module &M, const GlobalAlias &GA) override;
  void emitHeader(Module &M, const NVPTXSubtarget &STI);
  void emitKernelFunctionDirectives(const Function &F, raw_ostream &O) const;
  void emitFunctionParamList(const Function *, raw_ostream &O);
  void setAndEmitFunctionVirtualRegisters(const MachineFunction &MF);
  void encodeDebugInfoRegisterNumbers(const MachineFunction &MF);
  void printReturnValStr(const Function *, raw_ostream &O);
  void printReturnValStr(const MachineFunction &MF, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitCallPrototype(const CallBase &CB, unsigned UniqueCallSite,
                         raw_ostream &O) const;
  void emitJumpTable(const MachineJumpTableEntry &MJT, unsigned MJTI) const;
 
  /// Should a .noreturn directive be emitted for \p V, which is either a
  /// function or a call site?
  template <typename T> bool shouldEmitPTXNoReturn(const T &V) const {
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Function, T> || std::is_base_of_v<CallBase, T>,
                  "expected a function or a call site");
 
    const auto &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
    if (!NTM.getSubtargetImpl()->hasNoReturn())
      return false;
 
    if (!V.doesNotReturn() || !V.getFunctionType()->getReturnType()->isVoidTy())
      return false;
 
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Function, T>)
      return !isKernelFunction(V);
    else
      return true;
  }
 
  bool PrintAsmOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNo,
                       const char *ExtraCode, raw_ostream &) override;
  void printOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNum, raw_ostream &O);
  bool PrintAsmMemoryOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNo,
                             const char *ExtraCode, raw_ostream &) override;
 
  const MCExpr *lowerConstantForGV(const Constant *CV,
                                   bool ProcessingGeneric) const;
  void printMCExpr(const MCExpr &Expr, raw_ostream &OS) const;
  /// Emit a blob of inline asm to the output streamer.
  void emitInlineAsm(StringRef Str, const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                     const MCTargetOptions &MCOptions, const MDNode *LocMDNode,
                     InlineAsm::AsmDialect Dialect,
                     const MachineInstr *MI) override;
 
protected:
  bool doInitialization(Module &M) override;
  bool doFinalization(Module &M) override;
 
  /// Create NVPTX-specific DwarfDebug handler.
  DwarfDebug *createDwarfDebug() override;
 
private:
  bool GlobalsEmitted;
 
  // This is specific per MachineFunction.
  const MachineRegisterInfo *MRI;
 
  // The number assigned to each virtual register within its class, populated
  // by setAndEmitFunctionVirtualRegisters and cleared between functions.
  using VRegMap = DenseMap<Register, unsigned>;
  using VRegRCMap = DenseMap<const TargetRegisterClass *, VRegMap>;
  VRegRCMap VRegMapping;
 
  // List of variables demoted to a function scope.
  std::map<const Function *, std::vector<const GlobalVariable *>> localDecls;
 
  void emitPTXGlobalVariable(const GlobalVariable *GVar, raw_ostream &O,
                             const NVPTXSubtarget &STI);
  void emitPTXGlobalVariableDefinition(const GlobalVariable *GVar,
                                       raw_ostream &O,
                                       const NVPTXSubtarget &STI,
                                       bool EmitInitializer);
  void emitPTXAddressSpace(unsigned int AddressSpace, raw_ostream &O) const;
  std::string getPTXFundamentalTypeStr(Type *Ty, bool = true) const;
  void printScalarConstant(const Constant *CPV, raw_ostream &O);
  void printFPConstant(const ConstantFP *Fp, raw_ostream &O) const;
  void bufferLEByte(const Constant *CPV, int Bytes, AggBuffer *aggBuffer);
  void bufferAggregateConstant(const Constant *CV, AggBuffer *aggBuffer);
  void bufferAggregateConstVec(const ConstantVector *CV, AggBuffer *aggBuffer);
 
  void emitLinkageDirective(const GlobalValue *V, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitDeclarations(const Module &, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitDeclaration(const Function *, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitAliasDeclaration(const GlobalAlias *, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitDeclarationWithName(const Function *, MCSymbol *, raw_ostream &O);
  void emitDemotedVars(const Function *, raw_ostream &);
 
  bool isLoopHeaderOfNoUnroll(const MachineBasicBlock &MBB) const;
 
  // Used to control the need to emit .generic() in the initializer of
  // module scope variables.
  // Although ptx supports the hybrid mode like the following,
  //    .global .u32 a;
  //    .global .u32 b;
  //    .global .u32 addr[] = {a, generic(b)}
  // we have difficulty representing the difference in the NVVM IR.
  //
  // Since the address value should always be generic in CUDA C and always
  // be specific in OpenCL, we use this simple control here.
  //
  const bool EmitGeneric;
 
public:
  NVPTXAsmPrinter(TargetMachine &TM, std::unique_ptr<MCStreamer> Streamer)
      : AsmPrinter(TM, std::move(Streamer), ID),
        EmitGeneric(static_cast<NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM).getDrvInterface() ==
                    NVPTX::CUDA) {}
 
  bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) override;
 
  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.addRequired<MachineLoopInfoWrapperPass>();
    AsmPrinter::getAnalysisUsage(AU);
  }
 
  std::string getVirtualRegisterName(Register Reg) const;
 
  const MCSymbol *getFunctionFrameSymbol() const override;
 
  // Make emitGlobalVariable() no-op for NVPTX.
  // Global variables have been already emitted by the time the base AsmPrinter
  // attempts to do so in doFinalization() (see NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitGlobals()).
  void emitGlobalVariable(const GlobalVariable *GV) override {}
};
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
static StringRef getTextureName(const Value &V) {
  assert(V.hasName() && "Found texture variable with no name");
  return V.getName();
}
 
static StringRef getSurfaceName(const Value &V) {
  assert(V.hasName() && "Found surface variable with no name");
  return V.getName();
}
 
static StringRef getSamplerName(const Value &V) {
  assert(V.hasName() && "Found sampler variable with no name");
  return V.getName();
}
 
/// Emits initial debug location directive.
static void emitInitialRawDwarfLocDirective(const MachineFunction &MF,
                                            DwarfDebug *DD,
                                            MCStreamer &OutStreamer) {
  if (!DD)
    return;
 
  assert(OutStreamer.hasRawTextSupport() && "Expected assembly output mode.");
  // This is NVPTX specific and it's unclear why.
  // PR51079: If we have code without debug information we need to give up.
  const DISubprogram *SP = MF.getFunction().getSubprogram();
  if (!SP)
    return;
  assert(SP->getUnit());
  // NoDebug and DebugDirectivesOnly do not require emitting the initial loc
  // directive. NoDebug does not require any debug directives and the initial
  // loc directive is not needed for DebugDirectivesOnly as it is redundant
  // assuming this is a non-empty function.
  if (SP->getUnit()->isDebugDirectivesOnly() || SP->getUnit()->isNoDebug())
    return;
 
  (void)DD->emitInitialLocDirective(MF, /*CUID=*/0);
}
 
namespace {
 
/// Return a list of GlobalVariables on which \p V depends.
static void
discoverDependentGlobals(const Value *V,
                         SmallVectorImpl<const GlobalVariable *> &Globals,
                         SmallPtrSetImpl<const GlobalVariable *> &Seen) {
  if (const GlobalVariable *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(V)) {
    if (Seen.insert(GV).second)
      Globals.push_back(GV);
    return;
  }
 
  // Global values are emitted as symbols. Their operands do not contribute to
  // the initializer expression that refers to that symbol.
  if (isa<GlobalValue>(V))
    return;
 
  // lowerConstantForGV emits a GEP as its base symbol plus a constant byte
  // offset. Symbols used to compute an index are not part of that expression.
  if (const GEPOperator *GEP = dyn_cast<GEPOperator>(V)) {
    discoverDependentGlobals(GEP->getPointerOperand(), Globals, Seen);
    return;
  }
 
  if (const User *U = dyn_cast<User>(V))
    for (const auto &O : U->operands())
      discoverDependentGlobals(O, Globals, Seen);
}
 
struct GlobalVariableDependencyNode {
  const GlobalVariable *GV = nullptr;
  unsigned ModuleOrder = 0;
  SmallVector<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *, 4> Dependencies;
};
 
class GlobalVariableDependencyGraph {
  // scc_iterator needs a single entry node. Global initializer dependencies
  // may be disconnected, so use a synthetic root with an edge to every global.
  GlobalVariableDependencyNode SyntheticRoot;
  // Edges store pointers into Nodes, so node addresses must remain stable while
  // the graph is constructed.
  std::map<const GlobalVariable *, GlobalVariableDependencyNode> Nodes;
 
public:
  explicit GlobalVariableDependencyGraph(const Module &M) {
    unsigned ModuleOrder = 0;
    for (const GlobalVariable &GV : M.globals()) {
      GlobalVariableDependencyNode &Node = Nodes.try_emplace(&GV).first->second;
      Node.GV = &GV;
      Node.ModuleOrder = ModuleOrder++;
      SyntheticRoot.Dependencies.push_back(&Node);
    }
 
    for (auto &[GV, Node] : Nodes) {
      SmallVector<const GlobalVariable *, 4> Dependencies;
      SmallPtrSet<const GlobalVariable *, 4> Seen;
      for (const Use &Operand : GV->operands())
        discoverDependentGlobals(Operand, Dependencies, Seen);
 
      for (const GlobalVariable *Dependency : Dependencies) {
        auto It = Nodes.find(Dependency);
        if (It != Nodes.end())
          Node.Dependencies.push_back(&It->second);
      }
    }
  }
 
  const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *getEntryNode() const {
    return &SyntheticRoot;
  }
};
 
struct GlobalVariableDependencyGraphTraits {
  using NodeRef = const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *;
  using ChildIteratorType =
      SmallVectorImpl<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *>::const_iterator;
 
  static NodeRef getEntryNode(NodeRef Node) { return Node; }
  static ChildIteratorType child_begin(NodeRef Node) {
    return Node->Dependencies.begin();
  }
  static ChildIteratorType child_end(NodeRef Node) {
    return Node->Dependencies.end();
  }
};
 
using GlobalVariableSCCIterator =
    scc_iterator<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *,
                 GlobalVariableDependencyGraphTraits>;
 
static bool shouldSkipModuleLevelGlobal(const GlobalVariable &GV) {
  if (GV.hasSection() && GV.getSection() == "llvm.metadata")
    return true;
  return GV.getName().starts_with("llvm.") || GV.getName().starts_with("nvvm.");
}
 
static bool isForwardDeclarableGlobal(const GlobalVariable *GVar) {
  if (shouldSkipModuleLevelGlobal(*GVar) || GVar->isDeclaration() ||
      getPTXOpaqueType(*GVar) != PTXOpaqueType::None)
    return false;
 
  // A PTX .extern declaration can be resolved by a later .visible, .weak, or
  // .common definition, but not by a static definition.
  if (GVar->hasExternalLinkage())
    return GVar->hasInitializer();
 
  if (GVar->hasLinkOnceLinkage() || GVar->hasWeakLinkage() ||
      GVar->hasAvailableExternallyLinkage() || GVar->hasCommonLinkage())
    return true;
 
  return false;
}
 
/// Order definitions after treating references to forward-declared globals as
/// already satisfied. A remaining cycle cannot be emitted portably because it
/// requires an undeclared forward reference.
static SmallVector<const GlobalVariable *, 4> orderDefinitionsInSCC(
    ArrayRef<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *> SCC,
    const DenseSet<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *> &ForwardDeclared) {
  using Node = GlobalVariableDependencyNode;
 
  DenseSet<const Node *> SCCSet;
  SCCSet.insert_range(SCC);
 
  DenseMap<const Node *, unsigned> DependencyCount;
  DenseMap<const Node *, SmallVector<const Node *, 4>> Dependents;
  std::set<std::pair<unsigned, const Node *>> Ready;
 
  // Dependencies outside this SCC have already been emitted. Forward-declared
  // dependencies are also satisfied, so only count the remaining SCC edges.
  for (const Node *N : SCC) {
    unsigned &Count = DependencyCount[N];
    for (const Node *Dependency : N->Dependencies) {
      if (!SCCSet.count(Dependency) || ForwardDeclared.count(Dependency))
        continue;
      ++Count;
      Dependents[Dependency].push_back(N);
    }
    if (Count == 0)
      Ready.emplace(N->ModuleOrder, N);
  }
 
  SmallVector<const GlobalVariable *, 4> Order;
  while (!Ready.empty()) {
    const Node *N = Ready.begin()->second;
    Ready.erase(Ready.begin());
    Order.push_back(N->GV);
 
    auto It = Dependents.find(N);
    if (It == Dependents.end())
      continue;
    for (const Node *Dependent : It->second) {
      assert(DependencyCount[Dependent] && "Dependency already satisfied");
      if (--DependencyCount[Dependent] == 0)
        Ready.emplace(Dependent->ModuleOrder, Dependent);
    }
  }
 
  if (Order.size() != SCC.size())
    report_fatal_error("Circular dependency found in global variable set");
  return Order;
}
 
} // namespace
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitInstruction(const MachineInstr *MI) {
  NVPTX_MC::verifyInstructionPredicates(MI->getOpcode(),
                                        getSubtargetInfo().getFeatureBits());
 
  MCInst Inst;
  lowerToMCInst(MI, Inst);
  EmitToStreamer(*OutStreamer, Inst);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::lowerToMCInst(const MachineInstr *MI, MCInst &OutMI) {
  OutMI.setOpcode(MI->getOpcode());
  for (const auto MO : MI->operands())
    OutMI.addOperand(lowerOperand(MO));
}
 
MCOperand NVPTXAsmPrinter::lowerOperand(const MachineOperand &MO) {
  switch (MO.getType()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("unknown operand type");
  case MachineOperand::MO_Register:
    return MCOperand::createReg(encodeVirtualRegister(MO.getReg()));
  case MachineOperand::MO_Immediate:
    return MCOperand::createImm(MO.getImm());
  case MachineOperand::MO_MachineBasicBlock:
    return MCOperand::createExpr(
        MCSymbolRefExpr::create(MO.getMBB()->getSymbol(), OutContext));
  case MachineOperand::MO_ExternalSymbol:
    return GetSymbolRef(GetExternalSymbolSymbol(MO.getSymbolName()));
  case MachineOperand::MO_JumpTableIndex:
    // The jump table index names the .branchtargets list emitted for a brx.idx
    // (see emitJumpTable); reference it by that label.
    return GetSymbolRef(GetJTISymbol(MO.getIndex()));
  case MachineOperand::MO_GlobalAddress:
    return GetSymbolRef(getSymbol(MO.getGlobal()));
  case MachineOperand::MO_FPImmediate: {
    const ConstantFP *Cnt = MO.getFPImm();
    const APFloat &Val = Cnt->getValueAPF();
 
    switch (Cnt->getType()->getTypeID()) {
    default:
      report_fatal_error("Unsupported FP type");
      break;
    case Type::HalfTyID:
      return MCOperand::createExpr(
          NVPTXFloatMCExpr::createConstantFPHalf(Val, OutContext));
    case Type::BFloatTyID:
      return MCOperand::createExpr(
          NVPTXFloatMCExpr::createConstantBFPHalf(Val, OutContext));
    case Type::FloatTyID:
      return MCOperand::createExpr(
          NVPTXFloatMCExpr::createConstantFPSingle(Val, OutContext));
    case Type::DoubleTyID:
      return MCOperand::createExpr(
          NVPTXFloatMCExpr::createConstantFPDouble(Val, OutContext));
    }
    break;
  }
  }
}
 
static NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind
getVirtualRegisterKind(const TargetRegisterClass *RC) {
  if (RC == &NVPTX::B1RegClass)
    return NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind::B1;
  if (RC == &NVPTX::B16RegClass)
    return NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind::B16;
  if (RC == &NVPTX::B32RegClass)
    return NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind::B32;
  if (RC == &NVPTX::B64RegClass)
    return NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind::B64;
  if (RC == &NVPTX::B128RegClass)
    return NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKind::B128;
  llvm_unreachable("Bad register class");
}
 
unsigned NVPTXAsmPrinter::getVirtualRegisterNumber(Register Reg) const {
  const auto It = VRegMapping.find(MRI->getRegClass(Reg));
  assert(It != VRegMapping.end() && "Bad register class");
 
  const unsigned Num = It->second.lookup(Reg);
  assert(Num && "Bad virtual register");
  return Num;
}
 
MCRegister NVPTXAsmPrinter::encodeVirtualRegister(Register Reg) {
  if (Reg.isVirtual()) {
    // Pack the register class into the upper bits so that
    // NVPTXInstPrinter::printRegName can recover the declared name.
    const auto Kind = getVirtualRegisterKind(MRI->getRegClass(Reg));
    const unsigned Num = getVirtualRegisterNumber(Reg);
    assert(Num <= NVPTX::VirtualRegisterNumMask &&
           "Too many virtual registers");
    return (static_cast<unsigned>(Kind) << NVPTX::VirtualRegisterKindShift) |
           Num;
  }
 
  // Some special-use registers are actually physical registers.
  // Encode this as the register class ID of 0 and the real register ID.
  assert(Reg.id() <= NVPTX::VirtualRegisterNumMask &&
         "Physical register would decode as a virtual register");
  return Reg.asMCReg();
}
 
MCOperand NVPTXAsmPrinter::GetSymbolRef(const MCSymbol *Symbol) {
  const MCExpr *Expr;
  Expr = MCSymbolRefExpr::create(Symbol, OutContext);
  return MCOperand::createExpr(Expr);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printReturnValStr(const Function *F, raw_ostream &O) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = TM.getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>(*F);
  const auto *TLI = cast<NVPTXTargetLowering>(STI.getTargetLowering());
 
  Type *Ty = F->getReturnType();
  // A void or zero-sized return type (e.g. an empty struct) produces no return
  // parameter.
  if (Ty->isVoidTy() || Ty->isEmptyTy())
    return;
  O << " (";
 
  auto PrintScalarRetVal = [&](unsigned Size) {
    O << ".param .b" << promoteScalarArgumentSize(Size) << " func_retval0";
  };
  if (shouldPassAsArray(Ty)) {
    const unsigned TotalSize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(Ty);
    const Align RetAlignment =
        getPTXParamAlign(F, Ty, AttributeList::ReturnIndex, DL);
    O << ".param .align " << RetAlignment.value() << " .b8 func_retval0["
      << TotalSize << "]";
  } else if (Ty->isFloatingPointTy()) {
    PrintScalarRetVal(Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits());
  } else if (auto *ITy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(Ty)) {
    PrintScalarRetVal(ITy->getBitWidth());
  } else if (isa<PointerType>(Ty)) {
    PrintScalarRetVal(TLI->getPointerTy(DL).getSizeInBits());
  } else
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown return type");
  O << ") ";
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printReturnValStr(const MachineFunction &MF,
                                        raw_ostream &O) {
  const Function &F = MF.getFunction();
  printReturnValStr(&F, O);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitCallPrototype(const CallBase &CB,
                                        unsigned UniqueCallSite,
                                        raw_ostream &O) const {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = MF->getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>();
  const auto *TLI = cast<NVPTXTargetLowering>(STI.getTargetLowering());
  const auto PtrVT = TLI->getPointerTy(DL);
  Type *RetTy = CB.getFunctionType()->getReturnType();
 
  O << "prototype_" << UniqueCallSite << " : .callprototype ";
 
  if (RetTy->isVoidTy() || RetTy->isEmptyTy()) {
    O << "()";
  } else {
    O << "(";
    if (shouldPassAsArray(RetTy)) {
      const Align RetAlign =
          getPTXParamAlign(&CB, RetTy, AttributeList::ReturnIndex, DL);
      O << ".param .align " << RetAlign.value() << " .b8 _["
        << DL.getTypeAllocSize(RetTy) << "]";
    } else if (RetTy->isFloatingPointTy() || RetTy->isIntegerTy()) {
      unsigned size = 0;
      if (auto *ITy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(RetTy)) {
        size = ITy->getBitWidth();
      } else {
        assert(RetTy->isFloatingPointTy() &&
               "Floating point type expected here");
        size = RetTy->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
      }
      // PTX ABI requires all scalar return values to be at least 32
      // bits in size.  fp16 normally uses .b16 as its storage type in
      // PTX, so its size must be adjusted here, too.
      size = promoteScalarArgumentSize(size);
 
      O << ".param .b" << size << " _";
    } else if (isa<PointerType>(RetTy)) {
      O << ".param .b" << PtrVT.getSizeInBits() << " _";
    } else {
      llvm_unreachable("Unknown return type");
    }
    O << ") ";
  }
  O << "_ (";
 
  auto MakeArg = [&](const unsigned I) {
    Type *Ty = CB.getArgOperand(I)->getType();
 
    if (CB.paramHasAttr(I, Attribute::ByVal)) {
      Type *ETy = CB.getParamByValType(I);
      Align ParamByValAlign = getDeviceByValParamAlign(
          &CB, ETy, I + AttributeList::FirstArgIndex, DL);
 
      O << ".param .align " << ParamByValAlign.value() << " .b8 _["
        << DL.getTypeAllocSize(ETy) << "]";
      return;
    }
 
    if (shouldPassAsArray(Ty)) {
      Align ParamAlign =
          getPTXParamAlign(&CB, Ty, I + AttributeList::FirstArgIndex, DL);
      O << ".param .align " << ParamAlign.value() << " .b8 _["
        << DL.getTypeAllocSize(Ty) << "]";
      return;
    }
    // scalar type
    unsigned sz = 0;
    if (auto *ITy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(Ty)) {
      sz = promoteScalarArgumentSize(ITy->getBitWidth());
    } else if (isa<PointerType>(Ty)) {
      sz = PtrVT.getSizeInBits();
    } else {
      sz = Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    }
    O << ".param .b" << sz << " _";
  };
 
  const FunctionType *FTy = CB.getFunctionType();
  const unsigned NumArgs = FTy->getNumParams();
 
  // Zero-sized arguments (e.g. empty structs) are not passed and so do not
  // appear in the prototype.
  const auto NonEmptyArgs = make_filter_range(seq(NumArgs), [&](unsigned I) {
    return !CB.getArgOperand(I)->getType()->isEmptyTy();
  });
 
  interleave(NonEmptyArgs, O, MakeArg, ", ");
 
  if (FTy->isVarArg() && CB.arg_size() > NumArgs)
    O << (NonEmptyArgs.empty() ? "" : ",") << " .param .align "
      << STI.getMaxRequiredAlignment() << " .b8 _[]";
 
  O << ")";
  if (shouldEmitPTXNoReturn(CB))
    O << " .noreturn";
  O << ";\n";
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitJumpTable(const MachineJumpTableEntry &MJT,
                                    unsigned MJTI) const {
  OutStreamer->emitLabel(GetJTISymbol(MJTI));
 
  if (MJT.MBBs.empty())
    return;
 
  const auto Targets = to_vector(
      map_range(MJT.MBBs, [](const MachineBasicBlock *MBB) -> const MCSymbol * {
        return MBB->getSymbol();
      }));
  getTargetStreamer()->emitBranchTargetsDirective(Targets);
}
 
// Return true if MBB is the header of a loop marked with
// llvm.loop.unroll.disable or llvm.loop.unroll.count=1.
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::isLoopHeaderOfNoUnroll(
    const MachineBasicBlock &MBB) const {
  MachineLoopInfo &LI = getAnalysis<MachineLoopInfoWrapperPass>().getLI();
  // We insert .pragma "nounroll" only to the loop header.
  if (!LI.isLoopHeader(&MBB))
    return false;
 
  // llvm.loop.unroll.disable is marked on the back edges of a loop. Therefore,
  // we iterate through each back edge of the loop with header MBB, and check
  // whether its metadata contains llvm.loop.unroll.disable.
  for (const MachineBasicBlock *PMBB : MBB.predecessors()) {
    if (LI.getLoopFor(PMBB) != LI.getLoopFor(&MBB)) {
      // Edges from other loops to MBB are not back edges.
      continue;
    }
    if (const BasicBlock *PBB = PMBB->getBasicBlock()) {
      if (MDNode *LoopID =
              PBB->getTerminator()->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_loop)) {
        if (GetUnrollMetadata(LoopID, "llvm.loop.unroll.disable"))
          return true;
        if (MDNode *UnrollCountMD =
                GetUnrollMetadata(LoopID, "llvm.loop.unroll.count")) {
          if (mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(UnrollCountMD->getOperand(1))
                  ->isOne())
            return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitBasicBlockStart(const MachineBasicBlock &MBB) {
  AsmPrinter::emitBasicBlockStart(MBB);
  if (isLoopHeaderOfNoUnroll(MBB))
    getTargetStreamer()->emitPragmaDirective("nounroll");
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitFunctionEntryLabel() {
  SmallString<128> Str;
  raw_svector_ostream O(Str);
 
  if (!GlobalsEmitted) {
    emitGlobals(*MF->getFunction().getParent());
    GlobalsEmitted = true;
  }
 
  // Set up
  MRI = &MF->getRegInfo();
  F = &MF->getFunction();
  emitLinkageDirective(F, O);
  if (isKernelFunction(*F))
    O << ".entry ";
  else {
    O << ".func ";
    printReturnValStr(*MF, O);
  }
 
  CurrentFnSym->print(O, MAI);
 
  emitFunctionParamList(F, O);
  O << "\n";
 
  if (isKernelFunction(*F))
    emitKernelFunctionDirectives(*F, O);
 
  if (shouldEmitPTXNoReturn(*F))
    O << ".noreturn";
 
  OutStreamer->emitRawText(O.str());
 
  VRegMapping.clear();
  // Emit open brace for function body.
  OutStreamer->emitRawText(StringRef("{\n"));
  setAndEmitFunctionVirtualRegisters(*MF);
  encodeDebugInfoRegisterNumbers(*MF);
  // Emit initial .loc debug directive for correct relocation symbol data.
  emitInitialRawDwarfLocDirective(*MF, getDwarfDebug(), *OutStreamer);
}
 
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) {
  bool Result = AsmPrinter::runOnMachineFunction(F);
  // Emit closing brace for the body of function F.
  // The closing brace must be emitted here because we need to emit additional
  // debug labels/data after the last basic block.
  // We need to emit the closing brace here because we don't have function that
  // finished emission of the function body.
  OutStreamer->emitRawText(StringRef("}\n"));
  return Result;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitFunctionBodyStart() {
  SmallString<128> Str;
  raw_svector_ostream O(Str);
  emitDemotedVars(&MF->getFunction(), O);
 
  const auto *MFI = MF->getInfo<NVPTXMachineFunctionInfo>();
  for (const auto &[Id, CB] : MFI->getCallPrototypes())
    emitCallPrototype(*CB, Id, O);
 
  OutStreamer->emitRawText(O.str());
 
  if (const MachineJumpTableInfo *MJTI = MF->getJumpTableInfo())
    for (const auto &[Idx, JT] : enumerate(MJTI->getJumpTables()))
      emitJumpTable(JT, Idx);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitFunctionBodyEnd() {
  VRegMapping.clear();
}
 
const MCSymbol *NVPTXAsmPrinter::getFunctionFrameSymbol() const {
  return OutContext.getOrCreateSymbol(DEPOTNAME + Twine(getFunctionNumber()));
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitImplicitDef(const MachineInstr *MI) const {
  Register RegNo = MI->getOperand(0).getReg();
  if (RegNo.isVirtual())
    OutStreamer->AddComment(Twine("implicit-def: ") +
                            getVirtualRegisterName(RegNo));
  else
    OutStreamer->AddComment(Twine("implicit-def: ") +
                            NVPTXInstPrinter::getRegisterName(RegNo));
  OutStreamer->addBlankLine();
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitKernelFunctionDirectives(const Function &F,
                                                   raw_ostream &O) const {
  // If the NVVM IR has some of reqntid* specified, then output
  // the reqntid directive, and set the unspecified ones to 1.
  // If none of Reqntid* is specified, don't output reqntid directive.
  const auto ReqNTID = getReqNTID(F);
  if (!ReqNTID.empty())
    O << formatv(".reqntid {0:$[, ]}\n",
                 make_range(ReqNTID.begin(), ReqNTID.end()));
 
  const auto MaxNTID = getMaxNTID(F);
  if (!MaxNTID.empty())
    O << formatv(".maxntid {0:$[, ]}\n",
                 make_range(MaxNTID.begin(), MaxNTID.end()));
 
  if (const auto Mincta = getMinCTASm(F))
    O << ".minnctapersm " << *Mincta << "\n";
 
  if (const auto Maxnreg = getMaxNReg(F))
    O << ".maxnreg " << *Maxnreg << "\n";
 
  // .maxclusterrank directive requires SM_90 or higher, make sure that we
  // filter it out for lower SM versions, as it causes a hard ptxas crash.
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  const NVPTXSubtarget *STI = &NTM.getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>(F);
 
  if (STI->getSmVersion() >= 90) {
    const auto ClusterDim = getClusterDim(F);
    const bool BlocksAreClusters = hasBlocksAreClusters(F);
 
    if (!ClusterDim.empty()) {
 
      if (!BlocksAreClusters)
        O << ".explicitcluster\n";
 
      if (ClusterDim[0] != 0) {
        assert(llvm::all_of(ClusterDim, not_equal_to(0)) &&
               "cluster_dim_x != 0 implies cluster_dim_y and cluster_dim_z "
               "should be non-zero as well");
 
        O << formatv(".reqnctapercluster {0:$[, ]}\n",
                     make_range(ClusterDim.begin(), ClusterDim.end()));
      } else {
        assert(llvm::all_of(ClusterDim, equal_to(0)) &&
               "cluster_dim_x == 0 implies cluster_dim_y and cluster_dim_z "
               "should be 0 as well");
      }
    }
 
    if (BlocksAreClusters) {
      LLVMContext &Ctx = F.getContext();
      if (ReqNTID.empty() || ClusterDim.empty())
        Ctx.diagnose(DiagnosticInfoUnsupported(
            F, "blocksareclusters requires reqntid and cluster_dim attributes",
            F.getSubprogram()));
      else if (STI->getPTXVersion() < 90)
        Ctx.diagnose(DiagnosticInfoUnsupported(
            F, "blocksareclusters requires PTX version >= 9.0",
            F.getSubprogram()));
      else
        O << ".blocksareclusters\n";
    }
 
    if (const auto Maxclusterrank = getMaxClusterRank(F))
      O << ".maxclusterrank " << *Maxclusterrank << "\n";
  }
}
 
std::string NVPTXAsmPrinter::getVirtualRegisterName(Register Reg) const {
  const auto Kind = getVirtualRegisterKind(MRI->getRegClass(Reg));
 
  std::string Name;
  raw_string_ostream(Name) << NVPTX::getVirtualRegisterPrefix(Kind)
                           << getVirtualRegisterNumber(Reg);
  return Name;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitAliasDeclaration(const GlobalAlias *GA,
                                           raw_ostream &O) {
  const Function *F = dyn_cast_or_null<Function>(GA->getAliaseeObject());
  if (!F || isKernelFunction(*F) || F->isDeclaration())
    report_fatal_error(
        "NVPTX aliasee must be a non-kernel function definition");
 
  if (GA->hasLinkOnceLinkage() || GA->hasWeakLinkage() ||
      GA->hasAvailableExternallyLinkage() || GA->hasCommonLinkage())
    report_fatal_error("NVPTX aliasee must not be '.weak'");
 
  emitDeclarationWithName(F, getSymbol(GA), O);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitDeclaration(const Function *F, raw_ostream &O) {
  emitDeclarationWithName(F, getSymbol(F), O);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitDeclarationWithName(const Function *F, MCSymbol *S,
                                              raw_ostream &O) {
  emitLinkageDirective(F, O);
  if (isKernelFunction(*F))
    O << ".entry ";
  else
    O << ".func ";
  printReturnValStr(F, O);
  S->print(O, MAI);
  O << "\n";
  emitFunctionParamList(F, O);
  O << "\n";
  if (shouldEmitPTXNoReturn(*F))
    O << ".noreturn";
  O << ";\n";
}
 
static bool usedInGlobalVarDef(const Constant *C) {
  if (!C)
    return false;
 
  if (const GlobalVariable *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(C))
    return GV->getName() != "llvm.used";
 
  for (const User *U : C->users())
    if (const Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(U))
      if (usedInGlobalVarDef(C))
        return true;
 
  return false;
}
 
static bool usedInOneFunc(const User *U, Function const *&OneFunc) {
  if (const GlobalVariable *OtherGV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(U))
    if (OtherGV->getName() == "llvm.used")
      return true;
 
  if (const Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U)) {
    if (const Function *CurFunc = I->getFunction()) {
      if (OneFunc && (CurFunc != OneFunc))
        return false;
      OneFunc = CurFunc;
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  for (const User *UU : U->users())
    if (!usedInOneFunc(UU, OneFunc))
      return false;
 
  return true;
}
 
/* Find out if a global variable can be demoted to local scope.
 * Currently, this is valid for CUDA shared variables, which have local
 * scope and global lifetime. So the conditions to check are :
 * 1. Is the global variable in shared address space?
 * 2. Does it have local linkage?
 * 3. Is the global variable referenced only in one function?
 */
static bool canDemoteGlobalVar(const GlobalVariable *GV, Function const *&f) {
  if (!GV->hasLocalLinkage())
    return false;
  if (GV->getAddressSpace() != ADDRESS_SPACE_SHARED)
    return false;
 
  const Function *oneFunc = nullptr;
 
  bool flag = usedInOneFunc(GV, oneFunc);
  if (!flag)
    return false;
  if (!oneFunc)
    return false;
  f = oneFunc;
  return true;
}
 
static bool useFuncSeen(const Constant *C,
                        const SmallPtrSetImpl<const Function *> &SeenSet) {
  for (const User *U : C->users()) {
    if (const Constant *cu = dyn_cast<Constant>(U)) {
      if (useFuncSeen(cu, SeenSet))
        return true;
    } else if (const Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U)) {
      if (const Function *Caller = I->getFunction())
        if (SeenSet.contains(Caller))
          return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitDeclarations(const Module &M, raw_ostream &O) {
  SmallPtrSet<const Function *, 32> SeenSet;
  for (const Function &F : M) {
    if (F.getAttributes().hasFnAttr("nvptx-libcall-callee")) {
      emitDeclaration(&F, O);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (F.isDeclaration()) {
      if (F.use_empty())
        continue;
      if (F.getIntrinsicID())
        continue;
      // An unrecognized intrinsic would produce an invalid PTX declaration. Let
      // the user know that, and skip it.
      if (F.isIntrinsic()) {
        LLVMContext &Ctx = F.getContext();
        Ctx.diagnose(DiagnosticInfoUnsupported(
            F, "unknown intrinsic '" + F.getName() +
                   "' cannot be lowered by the NVPTX backend"));
        continue;
      }
      emitDeclaration(&F, O);
      continue;
    }
    for (const User *U : F.users()) {
      if (const Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(U)) {
        if (usedInGlobalVarDef(C)) {
          // The use is in the initialization of a global variable
          // that is a function pointer, so print a declaration
          // for the original function
          emitDeclaration(&F, O);
          break;
        }
        // Emit a declaration of this function if the function that
        // uses this constant expr has already been seen.
        if (useFuncSeen(C, SeenSet)) {
          emitDeclaration(&F, O);
          break;
        }
      }
 
      if (!isa<Instruction>(U))
        continue;
      const Function *Caller = cast<Instruction>(U)->getFunction();
      if (!Caller)
        continue;
 
      // If a caller has already been seen, then the caller is
      // appearing in the module before the callee. so print out
      // a declaration for the callee.
      if (SeenSet.contains(Caller)) {
        emitDeclaration(&F, O);
        break;
      }
    }
    SeenSet.insert(&F);
  }
  for (const GlobalAlias &GA : M.aliases())
    emitAliasDeclaration(&GA, O);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitStartOfAsmFile(Module &M) {
  // Construct a default subtarget off of the TargetMachine defaults. The
  // rest of NVPTX isn't friendly to change subtargets per function and
  // so the default TargetMachine will have all of the options.
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  const NVPTXSubtarget *STI = NTM.getSubtargetImpl();
 
  // Emit header before any dwarf directives are emitted below.
  emitHeader(M, *STI);
}
 
/// Create NVPTX-specific DwarfDebug handler.
DwarfDebug *NVPTXAsmPrinter::createDwarfDebug() {
  return new NVPTXDwarfDebug(this);
}
 
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::doInitialization(Module &M) {
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = *NTM.getSubtargetImpl();
  if (M.alias_size() && (STI.getPTXVersion() < 63 || STI.getSmVersion() < 30))
    report_fatal_error(".alias requires PTX version >= 6.3 and sm_30");
 
  // We need to call the parent's one explicitly.
  bool Result = AsmPrinter::doInitialization(M);
 
  GlobalsEmitted = false;
 
  return Result;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitGlobals(const Module &M) {
  SmallString<128> Str2;
  raw_svector_ostream OS2(Str2);
 
  emitDeclarations(M, OS2);
 
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = *NTM.getSubtargetImpl();
 
  // ptxas requires global symbols referenced by initializers to be known
  // before use. Acyclic dependencies can be handled by dependency-first
  // emission. Cyclic SCCs need compatible .extern declarations first.
  // Edges point from each global to the globals used by its initializer.
  // Reverse-topological SCC iteration therefore emits dependencies first.
  GlobalVariableDependencyGraph DependencyGraph(M);
  for (GlobalVariableSCCIterator I =
           GlobalVariableSCCIterator::begin(DependencyGraph.getEntryNode());
       !I.isAtEnd(); ++I) {
    SmallVector<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *, 4> SCC(I->begin(),
                                                             I->end());
 
    // Nothing points to the synthetic root, so it is always in its own SCC.
    if (!SCC.front()->GV) {
      assert(SCC.size() == 1 && "Synthetic root must be in its own SCC");
      continue;
    }
 
    llvm::sort(SCC, [](const auto *LHS, const auto *RHS) {
      return LHS->ModuleOrder < RHS->ModuleOrder;
    });
 
    const bool IsCyclic = I.hasCycle();
    DenseSet<const GlobalVariableDependencyNode *> ForwardDeclared;
    if (IsCyclic)
      for (const auto *Node : SCC)
        if (isForwardDeclarableGlobal(Node->GV))
          ForwardDeclared.insert(Node);
 
    // Check that declarations break every cycle before writing any output.
    SmallVector<const GlobalVariable *, 4> OrderedGlobals =
        IsCyclic ? orderDefinitionsInSCC(SCC, ForwardDeclared)
                 : SmallVector<const GlobalVariable *, 4>{SCC.front()->GV};
 
    for (const auto *Node : SCC) {
      if (!ForwardDeclared.count(Node))
        continue;
      OS2 << ".extern ";
      emitPTXGlobalVariableDefinition(Node->GV, OS2, STI,
                                      /*EmitInitializer=*/false);
      OS2 << ";\n";
    }
 
    for (const GlobalVariable *GV : OrderedGlobals)
      printModuleLevelGV(GV, OS2, /*ProcessDemoted=*/false, STI);
  }
 
  OS2 << '\n';
 
  OutStreamer->emitRawText(OS2.str());
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitGlobalAlias(const Module &M, const GlobalAlias &GA) {
  getTargetStreamer()->emitAliasDirective(getSymbol(&GA),
                                          getSymbol(GA.getAliaseeObject()));
}
 
NVPTXTargetStreamer *NVPTXAsmPrinter::getTargetStreamer() const {
  return static_cast<NVPTXTargetStreamer *>(OutStreamer->getTargetStreamer());
}
 
static bool hasFullDebugInfo(Module &M) {
  for (DICompileUnit *CU : M.debug_compile_units()) {
    switch(CU->getEmissionKind()) {
    case DICompileUnit::NoDebug:
    case DICompileUnit::DebugDirectivesOnly:
      break;
    case DICompileUnit::LineTablesOnly:
    case DICompileUnit::FullDebug:
      return true;
    }
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitHeader(Module &M, const NVPTXSubtarget &STI) {
  auto *TS = getTargetStreamer();
 
  TS->emitBanner();
 
  const unsigned PTXVersion = STI.getPTXVersion();
  TS->emitVersionDirective(PTXVersion);
 
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  bool TexModeIndependent = NTM.getDrvInterface() == NVPTX::NVCL;
 
  TS->emitTargetDirective(STI.getTargetName(), TexModeIndependent,
                          hasFullDebugInfo(M));
  TS->emitAddressSizeDirective(M.getDataLayout().getPointerSizeInBits());
}
 
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::doFinalization(Module &M) {
  // If we did not emit any functions, then the global declarations have not
  // yet been emitted.
  if (!GlobalsEmitted) {
    emitGlobals(M);
    GlobalsEmitted = true;
  }
 
  // call doFinalization
  bool ret = AsmPrinter::doFinalization(M);
 
  clearAnnotationCache(&M);
 
  auto *TS =
      static_cast<NVPTXTargetStreamer *>(OutStreamer->getTargetStreamer());
  // Close the last emitted section
  if (hasDebugInfo()) {
    TS->closeLastSection();
    // Emit empty .debug_macinfo section for better support of the empty files.
    TS->emitEmptySectionDirective(".debug_macinfo");
  }
 
  // Output last DWARF .file directives, if any.
  TS->outputDwarfFileDirectives();
 
  return ret;
}
 
// This function emits appropriate linkage directives for
// functions and global variables.
//
// extern function declaration            -> .extern
// extern function definition             -> .visible
// external global variable with init     -> .visible
// external without init                  -> .extern
// appending                              -> not allowed, assert.
// for any linkage other than
// internal, private, linker_private,
// linker_private_weak, linker_private_weak_def_auto,
// we emit                                -> .weak.
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitLinkageDirective(const GlobalValue *V,
                                           raw_ostream &O) {
  if (static_cast<NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM).getDrvInterface() == NVPTX::CUDA) {
    if (V->hasExternalLinkage()) {
      if (const auto *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(V))
        O << (GVar->hasInitializer() ? ".visible " : ".extern ");
      else if (V->isDeclaration())
        O << ".extern ";
      else
        O << ".visible ";
    } else if (V->hasAppendingLinkage()) {
      report_fatal_error("Symbol '" + (V->hasName() ? V->getName() : "") +
                         "' has unsupported appending linkage type");
    } else if (!V->hasInternalLinkage() && !V->hasPrivateLinkage()) {
      O << ".weak ";
    }
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printModuleLevelGV(const GlobalVariable *GVar,
                                         raw_ostream &O, bool ProcessDemoted,
                                         const NVPTXSubtarget &STI) {
  // Skip metadata and LLVM intrinsic global variables.
  if (shouldSkipModuleLevelGlobal(*GVar))
    return;
 
  if (GVar->hasExternalLinkage()) {
    if (GVar->hasInitializer())
      O << ".visible ";
    else
      O << ".extern ";
  } else if (STI.getPTXVersion() >= 50 && GVar->hasCommonLinkage() &&
             GVar->getAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL) {
    O << ".common ";
  } else if (GVar->hasLinkOnceLinkage() || GVar->hasWeakLinkage() ||
             GVar->hasAvailableExternallyLinkage() ||
             GVar->hasCommonLinkage()) {
    O << ".weak ";
  }
 
  const PTXOpaqueType OpaqueType = getPTXOpaqueType(*GVar);
 
  if (OpaqueType == PTXOpaqueType::Texture) {
    O << ".global .texref " << getTextureName(*GVar) << ";\n";
    return;
  }
 
  if (OpaqueType == PTXOpaqueType::Surface) {
    O << ".global .surfref " << getSurfaceName(*GVar) << ";\n";
    return;
  }
 
  if (GVar->isDeclaration()) {
    // (extern) declarations, no definition or initializer
    // Currently the only known declaration is for an automatic __local
    // (.shared) promoted to global.
    emitPTXGlobalVariable(GVar, O, STI);
    O << ";\n";
    return;
  }
 
  if (OpaqueType == PTXOpaqueType::Sampler) {
    O << ".global .samplerref " << getSamplerName(*GVar);
 
    const Constant *Initializer = nullptr;
    if (GVar->hasInitializer())
      Initializer = GVar->getInitializer();
    const ConstantInt *CI = nullptr;
    if (Initializer)
      CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Initializer);
    if (CI) {
      unsigned sample = CI->getZExtValue();
 
      O << " = { ";
 
      for (int i = 0,
               addr = ((sample & __CLK_ADDRESS_MASK) >> __CLK_ADDRESS_BASE);
           i < 3; i++) {
        O << "addr_mode_" << i << " = ";
        switch (addr) {
        case 0:
          O << "wrap";
          break;
        case 1:
          O << "clamp_to_border";
          break;
        case 2:
          O << "clamp_to_edge";
          break;
        case 3:
          O << "wrap";
          break;
        case 4:
          O << "mirror";
          break;
        }
        O << ", ";
      }
      O << "filter_mode = ";
      switch ((sample & __CLK_FILTER_MASK) >> __CLK_FILTER_BASE) {
      case 0:
        O << "nearest";
        break;
      case 1:
        O << "linear";
        break;
      case 2:
        llvm_unreachable("Anisotropic filtering is not supported");
      default:
        O << "nearest";
        break;
      }
      if (!((sample & __CLK_NORMALIZED_MASK) >> __CLK_NORMALIZED_BASE)) {
        O << ", force_unnormalized_coords = 1";
      }
      O << " }";
    }
 
    O << ";\n";
    return;
  }
 
  if (GVar->hasPrivateLinkage()) {
    if (GVar->getName().starts_with("unrollpragma"))
      return;
 
    // FIXME - need better way (e.g. Metadata) to avoid generating this global
    if (GVar->getName().starts_with("filename"))
      return;
    if (GVar->use_empty())
      return;
  }
 
  const Function *DemotedFunc = nullptr;
  if (!ProcessDemoted && canDemoteGlobalVar(GVar, DemotedFunc)) {
    O << "// " << GVar->getName() << " has been demoted\n";
    localDecls[DemotedFunc].push_back(GVar);
    return;
  }
 
  emitPTXGlobalVariableDefinition(GVar, O, STI, /*EmitInitializer=*/true);
  O << ";\n";
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitPTXGlobalVariableDefinition(
    const GlobalVariable *GVar, raw_ostream &O, const NVPTXSubtarget &STI,
    bool EmitInitializer) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
  Type *ETy = GVar->getValueType();
 
  O << ".";
  emitPTXAddressSpace(GVar->getAddressSpace(), O);
 
  if (isManaged(*GVar)) {
    if (STI.getPTXVersion() < 40 || STI.getSmVersion() < 30)
      report_fatal_error(
          ".attribute(.managed) requires PTX version >= 4.0 and sm_30");
    O << " .attribute(.managed)";
  }
 
  O << " .align "
    << GVar->getAlign().value_or(DL.getPrefTypeAlign(ETy)).value();
 
  if (ETy->isPointerTy() || ((ETy->isIntegerTy() || ETy->isFloatingPointTy()) &&
                             ETy->getScalarSizeInBits() <= 64)) {
    O << " .";
    // Special case: ABI requires that we use .u8 for predicates
    if (ETy->isIntegerTy(1))
      O << "u8";
    else
      O << getPTXFundamentalTypeStr(ETy, false);
    O << " ";
    getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
 
    // Ptx allows variable initilization only for constant and global state
    // spaces.
    if (EmitInitializer && GVar->hasInitializer()) {
      if ((GVar->getAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL) ||
          (GVar->getAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_CONST)) {
        const Constant *Initializer = GVar->getInitializer();
        // 'undef' is treated as there is no value specified.
        if (!Initializer->isNullValue() && !isa<UndefValue>(Initializer)) {
          O << " = ";
          printScalarConstant(Initializer, O);
        }
      } else {
        // The frontend adds zero-initializer to device and constant variables
        // that don't have an initial value, and UndefValue to shared
        // variables, so skip warning for this case.
        if (!GVar->getInitializer()->isNullValue() &&
            !isa<UndefValue>(GVar->getInitializer())) {
          report_fatal_error("initial value of '" + GVar->getName() +
                             "' is not allowed in addrspace(" +
                             Twine(GVar->getAddressSpace()) + ")");
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    // Although PTX has direct support for struct type and array type and
    // LLVM IR is very similar to PTX, the LLVM CodeGen does not support for
    // targets that support these high level field accesses. Structs, arrays
    // and vectors are lowered into arrays of bytes.
    switch (ETy->getTypeID()) {
    case Type::IntegerTyID: // Integers larger than 64 bits
    case Type::FP128TyID:
    case Type::StructTyID:
    case Type::ArrayTyID:
    case Type::FixedVectorTyID: {
      const uint64_t ElementSize = DL.getTypeStoreSize(ETy);
      // Ptx allows variable initilization only for constant and
      // global state spaces.
      if (((GVar->getAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL) ||
           (GVar->getAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_CONST)) &&
          GVar->hasInitializer()) {
        const Constant *Initializer = GVar->getInitializer();
        if (!isa<UndefValue>(Initializer) && !Initializer->isNullValue()) {
          AggBuffer aggBuffer(ElementSize, *this);
          bufferAggregateConstant(Initializer, &aggBuffer);
          if (aggBuffer.numSymbols()) {
            const unsigned int ptrSize = MAI.getCodePointerSize();
            if (ElementSize % ptrSize ||
                !aggBuffer.allSymbolsAligned(ptrSize)) {
              // Print in bytes and use the mask() operator for pointers.
              if (!STI.hasMaskOperator())
                report_fatal_error(
                    "initialized packed aggregate with pointers '" +
                    GVar->getName() +
                    "' requires at least PTX ISA version 7.1");
              O << " .u8 ";
              getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
              O << "[" << ElementSize << "]";
              if (EmitInitializer) {
                O << " = {";
                aggBuffer.printBytes(O);
                O << "}";
              }
            } else {
              O << " .u" << ptrSize * 8 << " ";
              getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
              O << "[" << ElementSize / ptrSize << "]";
              if (EmitInitializer) {
                O << " = {";
                aggBuffer.printWords(O);
                O << "}";
              }
            }
          } else {
            O << " .b8 ";
            getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
            O << "[" << ElementSize << "]";
            if (EmitInitializer) {
              O << " = {";
              aggBuffer.printBytes(O);
              O << "}";
            }
          }
        } else {
          O << " .b8 ";
          getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
          if (ElementSize)
            O << "[" << ElementSize << "]";
        }
      } else {
        O << " .b8 ";
        getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
        if (ElementSize)
          O << "[" << ElementSize << "]";
      }
      break;
    }
    default:
      llvm_unreachable("type not supported yet");
    }
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::AggBuffer::printSymbol(unsigned nSym, raw_ostream &os) {
  const Value *v = Symbols[nSym];
  const Value *v0 = SymbolsBeforeStripping[nSym];
  if (const GlobalValue *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(v)) {
    MCSymbol *Name = AP.getSymbol(GVar);
    PointerType *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(v0->getType());
    // Is v0 a generic pointer?
    bool isGenericPointer = PTy && PTy->getAddressSpace() == 0;
    if (EmitGeneric && isGenericPointer && !isa<Function>(v)) {
      os << "generic(";
      Name->print(os, AP.MAI);
      os << ")";
    } else {
      Name->print(os, AP.MAI);
    }
  } else if (const ConstantExpr *CExpr = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(v0)) {
    const MCExpr *Expr = AP.lowerConstantForGV(CExpr, false);
    AP.printMCExpr(*Expr, os);
  } else
    llvm_unreachable("symbol type unknown");
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::AggBuffer::printBytes(raw_ostream &os) {
  unsigned int ptrSize = AP.MAI.getCodePointerSize();
  // Do not emit trailing zero initializers. They will be zero-initialized by
  // ptxas. This saves on both space requirements for the generated PTX and on
  // memory use by ptxas. (See:
  // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#global-state-space)
  unsigned int InitializerCount = Size;
  // TODO: symbols make this harder, but it would still be good to trim trailing
  // 0s for aggs with symbols as well.
  if (numSymbols() == 0)
    while (InitializerCount >= 1 && !buffer[InitializerCount - 1])
      InitializerCount--;
 
  symbolPosInBuffer.push_back(InitializerCount);
  unsigned int nSym = 0;
  unsigned int nextSymbolPos = symbolPosInBuffer[nSym];
  for (unsigned int pos = 0; pos < InitializerCount;) {
    if (pos)
      os << ", ";
    if (pos != nextSymbolPos) {
      os << (unsigned int)buffer[pos];
      ++pos;
      continue;
    }
    // Generate a per-byte mask() operator for the symbol, which looks like:
    //   .global .u8 addr[] = {0xFF(foo), 0xFF00(foo), 0xFF0000(foo), ...};
    // See https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#initializers
    std::string symText;
    llvm::raw_string_ostream oss(symText);
    printSymbol(nSym, oss);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < ptrSize; ++i) {
      if (i)
        os << ", ";
      llvm::write_hex(os, 0xFFULL << i * 8, HexPrintStyle::PrefixUpper);
      os << "(" << symText << ")";
    }
    pos += ptrSize;
    nextSymbolPos = symbolPosInBuffer[++nSym];
    assert(nextSymbolPos >= pos);
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::AggBuffer::printWords(raw_ostream &os) {
  unsigned int ptrSize = AP.MAI.getCodePointerSize();
  symbolPosInBuffer.push_back(Size);
  unsigned int nSym = 0;
  unsigned int nextSymbolPos = symbolPosInBuffer[nSym];
  assert(nextSymbolPos % ptrSize == 0);
  for (unsigned int pos = 0; pos < Size; pos += ptrSize) {
    if (pos)
      os << ", ";
    if (pos == nextSymbolPos) {
      printSymbol(nSym, os);
      nextSymbolPos = symbolPosInBuffer[++nSym];
      assert(nextSymbolPos % ptrSize == 0);
      assert(nextSymbolPos >= pos + ptrSize);
    } else if (ptrSize == 4)
      os << support::endian::read32le(&buffer[pos]);
    else
      os << support::endian::read64le(&buffer[pos]);
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitDemotedVars(const Function *F, raw_ostream &O) {
  auto It = localDecls.find(F);
  if (It == localDecls.end())
    return;
 
  ArrayRef<const GlobalVariable *> GVars = It->second;
 
  const NVPTXTargetMachine &NTM = static_cast<const NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = *NTM.getSubtargetImpl();
 
  for (const GlobalVariable *GV : GVars) {
    O << "\t// demoted variable\n\t";
    printModuleLevelGV(GV, O, /*processDemoted=*/true, STI);
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitPTXAddressSpace(unsigned int AddressSpace,
                                          raw_ostream &O) const {
  switch (AddressSpace) {
  case ADDRESS_SPACE_LOCAL:
    O << "local";
    break;
  case ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL:
    O << "global";
    break;
  case ADDRESS_SPACE_CONST:
    O << "const";
    break;
  case ADDRESS_SPACE_SHARED:
    O << "shared";
    break;
  default:
    report_fatal_error("Bad address space found while emitting PTX: " +
                       llvm::Twine(AddressSpace));
    break;
  }
}
 
std::string
NVPTXAsmPrinter::getPTXFundamentalTypeStr(Type *Ty, bool useB4PTR) const {
  switch (Ty->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::IntegerTyID: {
    unsigned NumBits = cast<IntegerType>(Ty)->getBitWidth();
    if (NumBits == 1)
      return "pred";
    if (NumBits <= 64) {
      std::string name = "u";
      return name + utostr(NumBits);
    }
    llvm_unreachable("Integer too large");
    break;
  }
  case Type::BFloatTyID:
  case Type::HalfTyID:
    // fp16 and bf16 are stored as .b16 for compatibility with pre-sm_53
    // PTX assembly.
    return "b16";
  case Type::FloatTyID:
    return "f32";
  case Type::DoubleTyID:
    return "f64";
  case Type::PointerTyID: {
    unsigned PtrSize = TM.getPointerSizeInBits(Ty->getPointerAddressSpace());
    assert((PtrSize == 64 || PtrSize == 32) && "Unexpected pointer size");
 
    if (PtrSize == 64)
      if (useB4PTR)
        return "b64";
      else
        return "u64";
    else if (useB4PTR)
      return "b32";
    else
      return "u32";
  }
  default:
    break;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected type");
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitPTXGlobalVariable(const GlobalVariable *GVar,
                                            raw_ostream &O,
                                            const NVPTXSubtarget &STI) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
  // GlobalVariables are always constant pointers themselves.
  Type *ETy = GVar->getValueType();
 
  O << ".";
  emitPTXAddressSpace(GVar->getType()->getAddressSpace(), O);
  if (isManaged(*GVar)) {
    if (STI.getPTXVersion() < 40 || STI.getSmVersion() < 30)
      report_fatal_error(
          ".attribute(.managed) requires PTX version >= 4.0 and sm_30");
 
    O << " .attribute(.managed)";
  }
  O << " .align "
    << GVar->getAlign().value_or(DL.getPrefTypeAlign(ETy)).value();
 
  // Special case for i128/fp128
  if (ETy->getScalarSizeInBits() == 128) {
    O << " .b8 ";
    getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
    O << "[16]";
    return;
  }
 
  if (ETy->isFloatingPointTy() || ETy->isIntOrPtrTy()) {
    O << " ." << getPTXFundamentalTypeStr(ETy) << " ";
    getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
    return;
  }
 
  int64_t ElementSize = 0;
 
  // Although PTX has direct support for struct type and array type and LLVM IR
  // is very similar to PTX, the LLVM CodeGen does not support for targets that
  // support these high level field accesses. Structs and arrays are lowered
  // into arrays of bytes.
  switch (ETy->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::StructTyID:
  case Type::ArrayTyID:
  case Type::FixedVectorTyID:
    ElementSize = DL.getTypeStoreSize(ETy);
    O << " .b8 ";
    getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
    O << "[";
    if (ElementSize) {
      O << ElementSize;
    }
    O << "]";
    break;
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("type not supported yet");
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitFunctionParamList(const Function *F, raw_ostream &O) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = TM.getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>(*F);
  const auto *TLI = cast<NVPTXTargetLowering>(STI.getTargetLowering());
  const NVPTXMachineFunctionInfo *MFI =
      MF ? MF->getInfo<NVPTXMachineFunctionInfo>() : nullptr;
 
  bool IsFirst = true;
  const bool IsKernelFunc = isKernelFunction(*F);
 
  // Zero-sized arguments (e.g. empty structs) do not produce a parameter.
  // Number the emitted parameters contiguously, skipping the zero-sized ones,
  // so that the names match those used in LowerFormalArguments and the
  // contiguous numbering used by callers (see LowerCall).
  const auto NonEmptyArgs =
      make_filter_range(F->args(), [](const Argument &Arg) {
        return !Arg.getType()->isEmptyTy();
      });
 
  if (NonEmptyArgs.empty() && !F->isVarArg()) {
    O << "()";
    return;
  }
 
  O << "(\n";
 
  for (const auto &[ParamIndex, Arg] : enumerate(NonEmptyArgs)) {
    Type *Ty = Arg.getType();
    const std::string ParamSym = TLI->getParamName(F, ParamIndex);
 
    if (!IsFirst)
      O << ",\n";
 
    IsFirst = false;
 
    // Handle image/sampler parameters
    if (IsKernelFunc) {
      const PTXOpaqueType ArgOpaqueType = getPTXOpaqueType(Arg);
      if (ArgOpaqueType != PTXOpaqueType::None) {
        const bool EmitImgPtr = !MFI || !MFI->checkImageHandleSymbol(ParamSym);
        O << "\t.param ";
        if (EmitImgPtr)
          O << ".u64 .ptr ";
 
        switch (ArgOpaqueType) {
        case PTXOpaqueType::Sampler:
          O << ".samplerref ";
          break;
        case PTXOpaqueType::Texture:
          O << ".texref ";
          break;
        case PTXOpaqueType::Surface:
          O << ".surfref ";
          break;
        case PTXOpaqueType::None:
          llvm_unreachable("handled above");
        }
        O << ParamSym;
        continue;
      }
    }
 
    if (Arg.hasByValAttr()) {
      // param has byVal attribute.
      Type *ETy = Arg.getParamByValType();
      assert(ETy && "Param should have byval type");
 
      // Print .param .align <a> .b8 .param[size];
      // <a>  = optimal alignment for the element type; always multiple of
      //        PAL.getParamAlignment
      // size = typeallocsize of element type
      const unsigned ParamIdx = Arg.getArgNo() + AttributeList::FirstArgIndex;
      const Align OptimalAlign =
          IsKernelFunc ? getPTXParamAlign(F, ETy, ParamIdx, DL)
                       : getDeviceByValParamAlign(F, ETy, ParamIdx, DL);
 
      O << "\t.param .align " << OptimalAlign.value() << " .b8 " << ParamSym
        << "[" << DL.getTypeAllocSize(ETy) << "]";
      continue;
    }
 
    if (shouldPassAsArray(Ty)) {
      // Just print .param .align <a> .b8 .param[size];
      // <a>  = optimal alignment for the element type; always multiple of
      //        PAL.getParamAlignment
      // size = typeallocsize of element type
      Align OptimalAlign = getPTXParamAlign(
          F, Ty, Arg.getArgNo() + AttributeList::FirstArgIndex, DL);
 
      O << "\t.param .align " << OptimalAlign.value() << " .b8 " << ParamSym
        << "[" << DL.getTypeAllocSize(Ty) << "]";
 
      continue;
    }
    // Just a scalar
    auto *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Ty);
    unsigned PTySizeInBits = 0;
    if (PTy) {
      PTySizeInBits =
          TLI->getPointerTy(DL, PTy->getAddressSpace()).getSizeInBits();
      assert(PTySizeInBits && "Invalid pointer size");
    }
 
    if (IsKernelFunc) {
      if (PTy) {
        O << "\t.param .u" << PTySizeInBits << " .ptr";
 
        switch (PTy->getAddressSpace()) {
        default:
          break;
        case ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL:
          O << " .global";
          break;
        case ADDRESS_SPACE_SHARED:
          O << " .shared";
          break;
        case ADDRESS_SPACE_CONST:
          O << " .const";
          break;
        case ADDRESS_SPACE_LOCAL:
          O << " .local";
          break;
        }
 
        O << " .align " << Arg.getParamAlign().valueOrOne().value() << " "
          << ParamSym;
        continue;
      }
 
      // non-pointer scalar to kernel func
      O << "\t.param .";
      // Special case: predicate operands become .u8 types
      if (Ty->isIntegerTy(1))
        O << "u8";
      else
        O << getPTXFundamentalTypeStr(Ty);
      O << " " << ParamSym;
      continue;
    }
    // Non-kernel function, just print .param .b<size> for ABI
    // and .reg .b<size> for non-ABI
    unsigned Size;
    if (auto *ITy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(Ty)) {
      Size = promoteScalarArgumentSize(ITy->getBitWidth());
    } else if (PTy) {
      assert(PTySizeInBits && "Invalid pointer size");
      Size = PTySizeInBits;
    } else
      Size = Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    O << "\t.param .b" << Size << " " << ParamSym;
  }
 
  if (F->isVarArg()) {
    if (!IsFirst)
      O << ",\n";
    O << "\t.param .align " << STI.getMaxRequiredAlignment() << " .b8 "
      << TLI->getParamName(F, /* vararg */ -1) << "[]";
  }
 
  O << "\n)";
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::setAndEmitFunctionVirtualRegisters(
    const MachineFunction &MF) {
  auto *TS = getTargetStreamer();
 
  // Emit the Fake Stack Object
  const MachineFrameInfo &MFI = MF.getFrameInfo();
  if (const int64_t NumBytes = MFI.getStackSize()) {
    TS->emitLocalDirective(MFI.getMaxAlign(), getFunctionFrameSymbol(),
                           NumBytes);
 
    // Declare the frame pointers that NVPTXFrameLowering's prologue defines.
    const NVPTXRegisterInfo *NRI =
        MF.getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>().getRegisterInfo();
    for (const Register FrameReg :
         {NRI->getFrameRegister(MF), NRI->getFrameLocalRegister(MF)})
      TS->emitRegDirective(
          NRI->getRegSizeInBits(FrameReg, *MRI).getFixedValue(),
          NVPTXInstPrinter::getRegisterName(FrameReg));
  }
 
  // Go through all virtual registers to establish the mapping between the
  // global virtual
  // register number and the per class virtual register number.
  // We use the per class virtual register number in the ptx output.
  for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(MRI->getNumVirtRegs())) {
    Register VR = Register::index2VirtReg(I);
    if (MRI->use_empty(VR) && MRI->def_empty(VR))
      continue;
    auto &RCRegMap = VRegMapping[MRI->getRegClass(VR)];
    RCRegMap[VR] = RCRegMap.size() + 1;
  }
 
  // Emit declaration of the virtual registers or 'physical' registers for
  // each register class
  const TargetRegisterInfo *TRI = MF.getSubtarget().getRegisterInfo();
  for (const TargetRegisterClass &RC : TRI->regclasses()) {
    // Only declare those registers that may be used.
    const auto It = VRegMapping.find(&RC);
    if (It == VRegMapping.end() || It->second.empty())
      continue;
 
    TS->emitRegDirective(
        TRI->getRegSizeInBits(RC).getFixedValue(),
        NVPTX::getVirtualRegisterPrefix(getVirtualRegisterKind(&RC)),
        It->second.size() + 1);
  }
}
 
/// Translate virtual register numbers in DebugInfo locations to their printed
/// encodings, as used by CUDA-GDB.
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::encodeDebugInfoRegisterNumbers(
    const MachineFunction &MF) {
  const NVPTXSubtarget &STI = MF.getSubtarget<NVPTXSubtarget>();
  const NVPTXRegisterInfo *NRI = STI.getRegisterInfo();
 
  // Clear the old mapping, and add the new one.  This mapping is used after the
  // printing of the current function is complete, but before the next function
  // is printed.
  NRI->clearDebugRegisterMap();
 
  for (const VRegMap &RegMap : make_second_range(VRegMapping))
    for (const Register Reg : make_first_range(RegMap))
      NRI->addToDebugRegisterMap(Reg, getVirtualRegisterName(Reg));
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printFPConstant(const ConstantFP *Fp,
                                      raw_ostream &O) const {
  APFloat APF = APFloat(Fp->getValueAPF()); // make a copy
  bool ignored;
  unsigned int numHex;
  const char *lead;
 
  if (Fp->getType()->getTypeID() == Type::FloatTyID) {
    numHex = 8;
    lead = "0f";
    APF.convert(APFloat::IEEEsingle(), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven, &ignored);
  } else if (Fp->getType()->getTypeID() == Type::DoubleTyID) {
    numHex = 16;
    lead = "0d";
    APF.convert(APFloat::IEEEdouble(), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven, &ignored);
  } else
    llvm_unreachable("unsupported fp type");
 
  APInt API = APF.bitcastToAPInt();
  O << lead << format_hex_no_prefix(API.getZExtValue(), numHex, /*Upper=*/true);
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printScalarConstant(const Constant *CPV, raw_ostream &O) {
  if (const ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CPV)) {
    O << CI->getValue();
    return;
  }
  if (const ConstantFP *CFP = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(CPV)) {
    printFPConstant(CFP, O);
    return;
  }
  if (isa<ConstantPointerNull>(CPV)) {
    O << "0";
    return;
  }
  if (const GlobalValue *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(CPV)) {
    const bool IsNonGenericPointer = GVar->getAddressSpace() != 0;
    if (EmitGeneric && !isa<Function>(CPV) && !IsNonGenericPointer) {
      O << "generic(";
      getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
      O << ")";
    } else {
      getSymbol(GVar)->print(O, MAI);
    }
    return;
  }
  if (const ConstantExpr *Cexpr = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(CPV)) {
    const MCExpr *E = lowerConstantForGV(cast<Constant>(Cexpr), false);
    printMCExpr(*E, O);
    return;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Not scalar type found in printScalarConstant()");
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::bufferLEByte(const Constant *CPV, int Bytes,
                                   AggBuffer *AggBuffer) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
  int AllocSize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(CPV->getType());
  if (isa<UndefValue>(CPV) || CPV->isNullValue()) {
    // Non-zero Bytes indicates that we need to zero-fill everything. Otherwise,
    // only the space allocated by CPV.
    AggBuffer->addZeros(Bytes ? Bytes : AllocSize);
    return;
  }
 
  // Helper for filling AggBuffer with APInts.
  auto AddIntToBuffer = [AggBuffer, Bytes](const APInt &Val) {
    size_t NumBytes = (Val.getBitWidth() + 7) / 8;
    SmallVector<unsigned char, 16> Buf(NumBytes);
    // `extractBitsAsZExtValue` does not allow the extraction of bits beyond the
    // input's bit width, and i1 arrays may not have a length that is a multuple
    // of 8. We handle the last byte separately, so we never request out of
    // bounds bits.
    for (unsigned I = 0; I < NumBytes - 1; ++I) {
      Buf[I] = Val.extractBitsAsZExtValue(8, I * 8);
    }
    size_t LastBytePosition = (NumBytes - 1) * 8;
    size_t LastByteBits = Val.getBitWidth() - LastBytePosition;
    Buf[NumBytes - 1] =
        Val.extractBitsAsZExtValue(LastByteBits, LastBytePosition);
    AggBuffer->addBytes(Buf.data(), NumBytes, Bytes);
  };
 
  switch (CPV->getType()->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::IntegerTyID:
    if (const auto *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CPV)) {
      AddIntToBuffer(CI->getValue());
      break;
    }
    if (const auto *Cexpr = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(CPV)) {
      if (const auto *CI =
              dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ConstantFoldConstant(Cexpr, DL))) {
        AddIntToBuffer(CI->getValue());
        break;
      }
      if (Cexpr->getOpcode() == Instruction::PtrToInt) {
        Value *V = Cexpr->getOperand(0)->stripPointerCasts();
        AggBuffer->addSymbol(V, Cexpr->getOperand(0));
        AggBuffer->addZeros(AllocSize);
        break;
      }
      // A symbol-relative integer whose offset is applied outside the
      // ptrtoint, e.g. add(ptrtoint(@g), C). It can't fold to a ConstantInt
      // because it references a symbol; emit it through lowerConstantForGV, the
      // same path scalar symbol-relative integer globals use.
      AggBuffer->addSymbol(Cexpr, Cexpr);
      AggBuffer->addZeros(AllocSize);
      break;
    }
    llvm_unreachable("unsupported integer const type");
    break;
 
  case Type::HalfTyID:
  case Type::BFloatTyID:
  case Type::FloatTyID:
  case Type::DoubleTyID:
    AddIntToBuffer(cast<ConstantFP>(CPV)->getValueAPF().bitcastToAPInt());
    break;
 
  case Type::PointerTyID: {
    if (const GlobalValue *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(CPV)) {
      AggBuffer->addSymbol(GVar, GVar);
    } else if (const ConstantExpr *Cexpr = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(CPV)) {
      const Value *v = Cexpr->stripPointerCasts();
      AggBuffer->addSymbol(v, Cexpr);
    }
    AggBuffer->addZeros(AllocSize);
    break;
  }
 
  case Type::ArrayTyID:
  case Type::FixedVectorTyID:
  case Type::StructTyID: {
    if (isa<ConstantAggregate>(CPV) || isa<ConstantDataSequential>(CPV)) {
      // bufferAggregateConstant doesn't emit tail-padding, i.e. it writes
      // `store_size` bytes, not `alloc_size` bytes.  Do it ourselves here.
      unsigned StartPos = AggBuffer->getCurpos();
      bufferAggregateConstant(CPV, AggBuffer);
      unsigned Written = AggBuffer->getCurpos() - StartPos;
      unsigned SlotSize = std::max<int>(Bytes, AllocSize);
      if (SlotSize > Written)
        AggBuffer->addZeros(SlotSize - Written);
    } else if (isa<ConstantAggregateZero>(CPV))
      AggBuffer->addZeros(Bytes);
    else
      llvm_unreachable("Unexpected Constant type");
    break;
  }
 
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("unsupported type");
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::bufferAggregateConstant(const Constant *CPV,
                                              AggBuffer *aggBuffer) {
  const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
  auto ExtendBuffer = [](APInt Val, AggBuffer *Buffer) {
    unsigned NumBytes = divideCeil(Val.getBitWidth(), 8);
    for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(NumBytes)) {
      unsigned NumBits = std::min(8u, Val.getBitWidth() - I * 8);
      Buffer->addByte(Val.extractBitsAsZExtValue(NumBits, I * 8));
    }
  };
 
  // Integer or floating point vector splats.
  if (isa<ConstantInt, ConstantFP>(CPV)) {
    if (auto *VTy = dyn_cast<FixedVectorType>(CPV->getType())) {
      for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(VTy->getNumElements()))
        bufferLEByte(CPV->getAggregateElement(I), 0, aggBuffer);
      return;
    }
  }
 
  // Integers of arbitrary width
  if (const ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CPV)) {
    assert(CI->getType()->isIntegerTy() && "Expected integer constant!");
    ExtendBuffer(CI->getValue(), aggBuffer);
    return;
  }
 
  // f128
  if (const ConstantFP *CFP = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(CPV)) {
    assert(CFP->getType()->isFloatingPointTy() && "Expected fp constant!");
    if (CFP->getType()->isFP128Ty()) {
      ExtendBuffer(CFP->getValueAPF().bitcastToAPInt(), aggBuffer);
      return;
    }
  }
 
  // Buffer arrays one element at a time.
  if (isa<ConstantArray>(CPV)) {
    for (const auto &Op : CPV->operands())
      bufferLEByte(cast<Constant>(Op), 0, aggBuffer);
    return;
  }
 
  // Constant vectors
  if (const auto *CVec = dyn_cast<ConstantVector>(CPV)) {
    bufferAggregateConstVec(CVec, aggBuffer);
    return;
  }
 
  if (const auto *CDS = dyn_cast<ConstantDataSequential>(CPV)) {
    for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(CDS->getNumElements()))
      bufferLEByte(cast<Constant>(CDS->getElementAsConstant(I)), 0, aggBuffer);
    return;
  }
 
  if (isa<ConstantStruct>(CPV)) {
    if (CPV->getNumOperands()) {
      StructType *ST = cast<StructType>(CPV->getType());
      for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(CPV->getNumOperands())) {
        int EndOffset = (I + 1 == CPV->getNumOperands())
                            ? DL.getStructLayout(ST)->getElementOffset(0) +
                                  DL.getTypeAllocSize(ST)
                            : DL.getStructLayout(ST)->getElementOffset(I + 1);
        int Bytes = EndOffset - DL.getStructLayout(ST)->getElementOffset(I);
        bufferLEByte(cast<Constant>(CPV->getOperand(I)), Bytes, aggBuffer);
      }
    }
    return;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unsupported constant type in printAggregateConstant()");
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::bufferAggregateConstVec(const ConstantVector *CV,
                                              AggBuffer *aggBuffer) {
  unsigned NumElems = CV->getType()->getNumElements();
  const unsigned BuffSize = aggBuffer->getBufferSize();
 
  // Buffer one element at a time if we have allocated enough buffer space.
  if (BuffSize >= NumElems) {
    for (const auto &Op : CV->operands())
      bufferLEByte(cast<Constant>(Op), 0, aggBuffer);
    return;
  }
 
  // Sub-byte datatypes will have more elements than bytes allocated for the
  // buffer. Merge consecutive elements to form a full byte. We expect that 8 %
  // sub-byte-elem-size should be 0 and current expected usage is for i4 (for
  // e2m1-fp4 types).
  Type *ElemTy = CV->getType()->getElementType();
  assert(ElemTy->isIntegerTy() && "Expected integer data type.");
  unsigned ElemTySize = ElemTy->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
  assert(ElemTySize < 8 && "Expected sub-byte data type.");
  assert(8 % ElemTySize == 0 && "Element type size must evenly divide a byte.");
  // Number of elements to merge to form a full byte.
  unsigned NumElemsPerByte = 8 / ElemTySize;
  unsigned NumCompleteBytes = NumElems / NumElemsPerByte;
  unsigned NumTailElems = NumElems % NumElemsPerByte;
 
  // Helper lambda to constant-fold sub-vector of sub-byte type elements into
  // i8. Start and end indices of the sub-vector is provided, along with number
  // of padding zeros if required.
  auto ConvertSubCVtoInt8 = [this, &ElemTy](const ConstantVector *CV,
                                            unsigned Start, unsigned End,
                                            unsigned NumPaddingZeros = 0) {
    // Collect elements to create sub-vector.
    SmallVector<Constant *, 8> SubCVElems;
    for (unsigned I : llvm::seq(Start, End))
      SubCVElems.push_back(CV->getAggregateElement(I));
 
    // Optionally pad with zeros.
    if (NumPaddingZeros)
      SubCVElems.append(NumPaddingZeros, ConstantInt::getNullValue(ElemTy));
 
    auto SubCV = ConstantVector::get(SubCVElems);
    Type *Int8Ty = IntegerType::get(SubCV->getContext(), 8);
 
    // Merge elements of the sub-vector using ConstantFolding.
    ConstantInt *MergedElem =
        dyn_cast_or_null<ConstantInt>(ConstantFoldConstant(
            ConstantExpr::getBitCast(const_cast<Constant *>(SubCV), Int8Ty),
            getDataLayout()));
 
    if (!MergedElem)
      report_fatal_error(
          "Cannot lower vector global with unusual element type");
 
    return MergedElem;
  };
 
  // Iterate through elements of vector one chunk at a time and buffer that
  // chunk.
  for (unsigned ByteIdx : llvm::seq(NumCompleteBytes))
    bufferLEByte(ConvertSubCVtoInt8(CV, ByteIdx * NumElemsPerByte,
                                    (ByteIdx + 1) * NumElemsPerByte),
                 0, aggBuffer);
 
  // For unevenly sized vectors add tail padding zeros.
  if (NumTailElems > 0)
    bufferLEByte(ConvertSubCVtoInt8(CV, NumElems - NumTailElems, NumElems,
                                    NumElemsPerByte - NumTailElems),
                 0, aggBuffer);
}
 
/// lowerConstantForGV - Return an MCExpr for the given Constant.  This is mostly
/// a copy from AsmPrinter::lowerConstant, except customized to only handle
/// expressions that are representable in PTX and create
/// NVPTXGenericMCSymbolRefExpr nodes for addrspacecast instructions.
const MCExpr *
NVPTXAsmPrinter::lowerConstantForGV(const Constant *CV,
                                    bool ProcessingGeneric) const {
  MCContext &Ctx = OutContext;
 
  if (CV->isNullValue() || isa<UndefValue>(CV))
    return MCConstantExpr::create(0, Ctx);
 
  if (const ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CV))
    return MCConstantExpr::create(CI->getZExtValue(), Ctx);
 
  if (const GlobalValue *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(CV)) {
    const MCSymbolRefExpr *Expr = MCSymbolRefExpr::create(getSymbol(GV), Ctx);
    if (ProcessingGeneric)
      return NVPTXGenericMCSymbolRefExpr::create(Expr, Ctx);
    return Expr;
  }
 
  const ConstantExpr *CE = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(CV);
  if (!CE) {
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown constant value to lower!");
  }
 
  switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
  default:
    break; // Error
 
  case Instruction::AddrSpaceCast: {
    // Strip the addrspacecast and pass along the operand
    PointerType *DstTy = cast<PointerType>(CE->getType());
    if (DstTy->getAddressSpace() == 0)
      return lowerConstantForGV(cast<const Constant>(CE->getOperand(0)), true);
 
    break; // Error
  }
 
  case Instruction::GetElementPtr: {
    const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
    // Generate a symbolic expression for the byte address
    APInt OffsetAI(DL.getPointerTypeSizeInBits(CE->getType()), 0);
    cast<GEPOperator>(CE)->accumulateConstantOffset(DL, OffsetAI);
 
    const MCExpr *Base = lowerConstantForGV(CE->getOperand(0),
                                            ProcessingGeneric);
    if (!OffsetAI)
      return Base;
 
    int64_t Offset = OffsetAI.getSExtValue();
    return MCBinaryExpr::createAdd(Base, MCConstantExpr::create(Offset, Ctx),
                                   Ctx);
  }
 
  case Instruction::Trunc:
    // We emit the value and depend on the assembler to truncate the generated
    // expression properly.  This is important for differences between
    // blockaddress labels.  Since the two labels are in the same function, it
    // is reasonable to treat their delta as a 32-bit value.
    [[fallthrough]];
  case Instruction::BitCast:
    return lowerConstantForGV(CE->getOperand(0), ProcessingGeneric);
 
  case Instruction::IntToPtr: {
    const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
    // Handle casts to pointers by changing them into casts to the appropriate
    // integer type.  This promotes constant folding and simplifies this code.
    Constant *Op = CE->getOperand(0);
    Op = ConstantFoldIntegerCast(Op, DL.getIntPtrType(CV->getType()),
                                 /*IsSigned*/ false, DL);
    if (Op)
      return lowerConstantForGV(Op, ProcessingGeneric);
 
    break; // Error
  }
 
  case Instruction::PtrToInt: {
    const DataLayout &DL = getDataLayout();
 
    // Support only foldable casts to/from pointers that can be eliminated by
    // changing the pointer to the appropriately sized integer type.
    Constant *Op = CE->getOperand(0);
    Type *Ty = CE->getType();
 
    const MCExpr *OpExpr = lowerConstantForGV(Op, ProcessingGeneric);
 
    // We can emit the pointer value into this slot if the slot is an
    // integer slot equal to the size of the pointer.
    if (DL.getTypeAllocSize(Ty) == DL.getTypeAllocSize(Op->getType()))
      return OpExpr;
 
    // Otherwise the pointer is smaller than the resultant integer, mask off
    // the high bits so we are sure to get a proper truncation if the input is
    // a constant expr.
    unsigned InBits = DL.getTypeAllocSizeInBits(Op->getType());
    const MCExpr *MaskExpr = MCConstantExpr::create(~0ULL >> (64-InBits), Ctx);
    return MCBinaryExpr::createAnd(OpExpr, MaskExpr, Ctx);
  }
 
  // The MC library also has a right-shift operator, but it isn't consistently
  // signed or unsigned between different targets.
  case Instruction::Add: {
    const MCExpr *LHS = lowerConstantForGV(CE->getOperand(0), ProcessingGeneric);
    const MCExpr *RHS = lowerConstantForGV(CE->getOperand(1), ProcessingGeneric);
    switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
    default: llvm_unreachable("Unknown binary operator constant cast expr");
    case Instruction::Add: return MCBinaryExpr::createAdd(LHS, RHS, Ctx);
    }
  }
  }
 
  // If the code isn't optimized, there may be outstanding folding
  // opportunities. Attempt to fold the expression using DataLayout as a
  // last resort before giving up.
  Constant *C = ConstantFoldConstant(CE, getDataLayout());
  if (C != CE)
    return lowerConstantForGV(C, ProcessingGeneric);
 
  // Otherwise report the problem to the user.
  std::string S;
  raw_string_ostream OS(S);
  OS << "Unsupported expression in static initializer: ";
  CE->printAsOperand(OS, /*PrintType=*/false,
                 !MF ? nullptr : MF->getFunction().getParent());
  report_fatal_error(Twine(OS.str()));
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printMCExpr(const MCExpr &Expr, raw_ostream &OS) const {
  OutContext.getAsmInfo().printExpr(OS, Expr);
}
 
/// PrintAsmOperand - Print out an operand for an inline asm expression.
///
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::PrintAsmOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNo,
                                      const char *ExtraCode, raw_ostream &O) {
  if (ExtraCode && ExtraCode[0]) {
    if (ExtraCode[1] != 0)
      return true; // Unknown modifier.
 
    switch (ExtraCode[0]) {
    default:
      // See if this is a generic print operand
      return AsmPrinter::PrintAsmOperand(MI, OpNo, ExtraCode, O);
    case 'r':
      break;
    }
  }
 
  printOperand(MI, OpNo, O);
 
  return false;
}
 
bool NVPTXAsmPrinter::PrintAsmMemoryOperand(const MachineInstr *MI,
                                            unsigned OpNo,
                                            const char *ExtraCode,
                                            raw_ostream &O) {
  if (ExtraCode && ExtraCode[0])
    return true; // Unknown modifier
 
  O << '[';
  printMemOperand(MI, OpNo, O);
  O << ']';
 
  return false;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNum,
                                   raw_ostream &O) {
  const MachineOperand &MO = MI->getOperand(OpNum);
  switch (MO.getType()) {
  case MachineOperand::MO_Register:
    if (MO.getReg().isPhysical()) {
      if (MO.getReg() == NVPTX::VRDepot)
        getFunctionFrameSymbol()->print(O, MAI);
      else
        O << NVPTXInstPrinter::getRegisterName(MO.getReg());
    } else {
      O << getVirtualRegisterName(MO.getReg());
    }
    break;
 
  case MachineOperand::MO_Immediate:
    O << MO.getImm();
    break;
 
  case MachineOperand::MO_FPImmediate:
    printFPConstant(MO.getFPImm(), O);
    break;
 
  case MachineOperand::MO_GlobalAddress:
    PrintSymbolOperand(MO, O);
    break;
 
  case MachineOperand::MO_MachineBasicBlock:
    MO.getMBB()->getSymbol()->print(O, MAI);
    break;
 
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Operand type not supported.");
  }
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::printMemOperand(const MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNum,
                                      raw_ostream &O, const char *Modifier) {
  printOperand(MI, OpNum, O);
 
  if (Modifier && strcmp(Modifier, "add") == 0) {
    O << ", ";
    printOperand(MI, OpNum + 1, O);
  } else {
    if (MI->getOperand(OpNum + 1).isImm() &&
        MI->getOperand(OpNum + 1).getImm() == 0)
      return; // don't print ',0' or '+0'
    O << "+";
    printOperand(MI, OpNum + 1, O);
  }
}
 
/// Returns true if \p Line begins with an alphabetic character or underscore,
/// indicating it is a PTX instruction that should receive a .loc directive.
static bool isPTXInstruction(StringRef Line) {
  StringRef Trimmed = Line.ltrim();
  return !Trimmed.empty() &&
         (std::isalpha(static_cast<unsigned char>(Trimmed[0])) ||
          Trimmed[0] == '_');
}
 
/// Returns the DILocation for an inline asm MachineInstr if debug line info
/// should be emitted, or nullptr otherwise.
static const DILocation *getInlineAsmDebugLoc(const MachineInstr *MI) {
  if (!MI || !MI->getDebugLoc())
    return nullptr;
  const DISubprogram *SP = MI->getMF()->getFunction().getSubprogram();
  if (!SP || SP->getUnit()->getEmissionKind() == DICompileUnit::NoDebug)
    return nullptr;
  const DILocation *DL = MI->getDebugLoc();
  if (!DL->getFile() || !DL->getLine())
    return nullptr;
  return DL;
}
 
namespace {
struct InlineAsmInliningContext {
  MCSymbol *FuncNameSym = nullptr;
  unsigned FileIA = 0;
  unsigned LineIA = 0;
  unsigned ColIA = 0;
 
  bool hasInlinedAt() const { return FuncNameSym != nullptr; }
};
} // namespace
 
/// Resolves the enhanced-lineinfo inlining context for an inline asm debug
/// location. Returns a default (empty) context if inlining info is unavailable.
static InlineAsmInliningContext
getInlineAsmInliningContext(const DILocation *DL, const MachineFunction &MF,
                            NVPTXDwarfDebug *NVDD, MCStreamer &Streamer,
                            unsigned CUID) {
  InlineAsmInliningContext Ctx;
  const DILocation *InlinedAt = DL->getInlinedAt();
  if (!InlinedAt || !InlinedAt->getFile() || !NVDD ||
      !NVDD->isEnhancedLineinfo(MF))
    return Ctx;
  const auto *SubProg = getDISubprogram(DL->getScope());
  if (!SubProg)
    return Ctx;
  Ctx.FuncNameSym = NVDD->getOrCreateFuncNameSymbol(SubProg->getLinkageName());
  Ctx.FileIA = Streamer.emitDwarfFileDirective(
      0, InlinedAt->getFile()->getDirectory(),
      InlinedAt->getFile()->getFilename(), std::nullopt, std::nullopt, CUID);
  Ctx.LineIA = InlinedAt->getLine();
  Ctx.ColIA = InlinedAt->getColumn();
  return Ctx;
}
 
void NVPTXAsmPrinter::emitInlineAsm(StringRef Str, const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                    const MCTargetOptions &MCOptions,
                                    const MDNode *LocMDNode,
                                    InlineAsm::AsmDialect Dialect,
                                    const MachineInstr *MI) {
  assert(!Str.empty() && "Can't emit empty inline asm block");
  if (Str.back() == 0)
    Str = Str.substr(0, Str.size() - 1);
 
  auto emitAsmStr = [&](StringRef AsmStr) {
    emitInlineAsmStart();
    OutStreamer->emitRawText(AsmStr);
    emitInlineAsmEnd(STI, nullptr, MI);
  };
 
  const DILocation *DL = getInlineAsmDebugLoc(MI);
  if (!DL) {
    emitAsmStr(Str);
    return;
  }
 
  const DIFile *File = DL->getFile();
  unsigned Line = DL->getLine();
  const unsigned Column = DL->getColumn();
  const unsigned CUID = OutStreamer->getContext().getDwarfCompileUnitID();
  const unsigned FileNumber = OutStreamer->emitDwarfFileDirective(
      0, File->getDirectory(), File->getFilename(), std::nullopt, std::nullopt,
      CUID);
 
  auto *NVDD = static_cast<NVPTXDwarfDebug *>(getDwarfDebug());
  InlineAsmInliningContext InlineCtx =
      getInlineAsmInliningContext(DL, *MI->getMF(), NVDD, *OutStreamer, CUID);
 
  SmallVector<StringRef, 16> Lines;
  Str.split(Lines, '\n');
  emitInlineAsmStart();
  for (const StringRef &L : Lines) {
    StringRef RTrimmed = L.rtrim('\r');
    if (isPTXInstruction(L)) {
      if (InlineCtx.hasInlinedAt()) {
        OutStreamer->emitDwarfLocDirectiveWithInlinedAt(
            FileNumber, Line, Column, InlineCtx.FileIA, InlineCtx.LineIA,
            InlineCtx.ColIA, InlineCtx.FuncNameSym, DWARF2_FLAG_IS_STMT, 0, 0,
            File->getFilename());
      } else {
        OutStreamer->emitDwarfLocDirective(FileNumber, Line, Column,
                                           DWARF2_FLAG_IS_STMT, 0, 0,
                                           File->getFilename());
      }
    }
    OutStreamer->emitRawText(RTrimmed);
    ++Line;
  }
  emitInlineAsmEnd(STI, nullptr, MI);
}
 
char NVPTXAsmPrinter::ID = 0;
 
INITIALIZE_PASS(NVPTXAsmPrinter, "nvptx-asm-printer", "NVPTX Assembly Printer",
                false, false)
 
// Force static initialization.
extern "C" LLVM_ABI LLVM_EXTERNAL_VISIBILITY void
LLVMInitializeNVPTXAsmPrinter() {
  RegisterAsmPrinter<NVPTXAsmPrinter> X(getTheNVPTXTarget32());
  RegisterAsmPrinter<NVPTXAsmPrinter> Y(getTheNVPTXTarget64());
}